نهاد بازسازی؛ ماهیت و مدل‌ها در نظام بانکی ایران

دانشنامه حقوق اقتصادی

دوره 27، شماره 18، اسفند 1399، صفحه 103-128   

نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/lowecon.2021.39390

نویسندگان

فاطمه کیائی^{* 1}؛ حسن رهپیک²؛ محمود باقری³

¹دانشجوی مقطع دکتری حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه علوم قضایی و خدمات اداری

²استاد حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه علوم قضایی و خدمات اداری

³استاد حقوق خصوصی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

اعمال مقررات عمومی ورشکستگی بر بانک‌ها مشکلات حقوقی فراوانی را به وجود می‌آورد. در این مقاله جهت جلوگیری از ورشکستگی بانک‌ها، مدل بازسازی منطبق با نظام حقوقی ایران ارائه می‌گردد. ارزیابی مقررات ایران نشان می‌دهد که تاکنون قانون جامعی در زمینه بازسازی بانک‌ها به تصویب نرسیده است. تدوین قانون بازسازی بانک‌ها نباید صرفاً تقلیدی باشد و نیازمند تحلیل ماهیت حقوقی روش‌های بازسازی است. روش ادغام و خرید و پذیرش، هر دو عقد هستند و به‌ترتیب براساس انتقال قرارداد و انتقال دین و طلب منعقد می‌شوند و روش پرداخت از طریق صندوق ضمانت سپرده ایقاع و مبتنی بر واگذاری اجرای تعهد به شخص ثالث می‌باشد. هر سه روش با مبانی حقوقی ایران سازگارند و قابلیت بومی‌سازی در کشور را دارند. در مدل پیشنهادی رضایت بدهکاران و طلبکاران از ارکان بازسازی نیست. با این حال در نظر گرفتن حق اعتراض برای طلبکاران ضروری به ‌نظر می‌رسد. در این مدل، بانک مرکزی یا صندوق ضمانت سپرده به‌عنوان مقام نظارتی بر سیستم بانکی لحاظ می‌شود. این مقام با درنظرگرفتن ترتیب اولویت‌ روش‌های ادغام، خرید و پذیرش و پرداخت از طریق صندوق ضمانت سپرده که بر اساس برآورد هزینه‌ها و شرایط بانک متوقف است، به اعمال مدل پیشنهادی جهت جلوگیری از ورشکستگی بانک متوقف می‌پردازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

ماهیت حقوقی؛ مدل‌های بازسازی بانک‌ها؛ ادغام؛ خرید و پذیرش؛ پرداخت از طریق صندوق ضمانت سپرده

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