Vulnerability Analysis of Livelihood Capitals of Rural Families suffered from the Flood of Aq Qala

جغرافیاوتوسعه ناحیه ای

Article 9, Volume 18, Issue 2 - Serial Number 35, March 2021, Pages 272-239   

Document Type: case study

DOI: 10.22067/jgrd.2021.68260.1006

Authors

Bahman Sahneh^{* 1}; Abdolmajid Nourtaghani²

¹Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran

²Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran

Abstract

Recently increasing cases of disastrous events especially flood has been one of the biggest concerns. The effects of flood on the resident of flood-stricken regions are inappropriate; and the settlers of rural areas suffer a lot from damages because their livelihood depends on agriculture. This study tried to analyze the effects of flood on the livelihood capitals of rural families. The applied study uses a descriptive-analytical method. It is a survey study. The statistical population includes settlers of eight villages around the city of Aq Qala out of which 346 families were selected as the sample size, using Cochrane formula. In order to analyze vulnerability of livelihood capitals, 43 variables were used using Likert scale from the economic, social, physical, natural and human aspects. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Content validity of questionnaire was approved by professors and experts, and its reliability was achieved 89% using Cronbach alpha. Questionnaires were analyzed using Freidman, Chi-square and Kruskal Wallis statistical tests in the SPSS software. Results show that agriculture is the main source of income in this region and flood has had inappropriate effects on livelihood capitals such as land, irrigation, livestock, houses, infrastructures, jobs, etc. and has weakened sources of income. Freidman test results show that most vulnerability belongs to physical, economic, human, social and natural capitals. Cooperation strategy of governmental and private sectors can help the flood-stricken people to resist. Designing a rapid warning system and creating capacity in order to fight against disasters will be useful. These preparations should be made in the regions susceptible to flooding.

Keywords

Flood; Sustainable Livelihood; Security; Rural Areas; Aq Qala

References

 

1. اعظمی، م.، و هاشمی، ا. (1396). تحلیل تأثیرات شرکت‌های کشت‌وصنعت بر دارایی‌های خانوارهای کارگران شاغل با رویکرد معیشت پایدار (مورد مطالعه: کشت و صنعت میان‌آب خوزستان)، پژوهش‌های روستایی، 4(8)، 606-591.
2. رضوانی، م. ر.، دربان‌آستانه، ع.ر.، و احمدآبادی، ح. (1394). تحلیل اثرات اعتبارات خرد بر پایداری اقتصاد روستایی (مورد مطالعاتی: اعتبارات صندوق کارآفرینی امید در شهرستان نیشابور). جغرافیا و توسعۀ ناحیه‌ای، 13(1)، 233-209.
3. شایان، ح.، تقیلو، ع. ا.، و خسروبیگی، ر. (1391). تحلیل نقش مشارکت مردم در پایداری اقتصاد روستایی (مطالعۀ موردی: دهستان ایجرود بالا، شهرستان ایجرود استان زنجان). جغرافیا و توسعۀ ناحیه‌ای، 10(2)، 94-71.
4. شریفی، ز.، نوری‌پور، م.، و شریف‌زاده، م. (1396). تحلیل آسیب‌پذیری خانوارهای روستایی بخش مرکزی شهرستان دنا: کاربرد چارچوب معیشت پایدار. تحلیل فضایی مخاطرات محیطی، 4(2)، 36-19.
5. صحنه، ب. (1390). بازگشت مهاجران به روستاها و نقش آن در معیشت پایدار روستایی (مطالعۀ موردی: شهرستان آق‌قلا استان گلستان) (رسالۀ منتشرنشدۀ دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی). دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
6. طیب‌نیا، س. ه.، طولابی‌نژاد، م.، و حسین‌بر، ا. (1399). تحلیل عوامل محلی و خانوادگی ناپایداری معیشت در نواحی روستایی مرزی (مطالعۀ موردی: شهرستان سراوان). جغرافیا و توسعۀ ناحیه‌ای، 18(1)، 171-198.
7. متولی طاهر، ن.، صحنه، ب.، و نجفی‌کانی، ع. ‌ا. (1397). تحلیلی بر عملکرد خانه‌های دوم در توسعة پایدار روستاهای کوهستانی: مطالعة موردی بخش چهاردانگه، شهرستان ساری. روستا و توسعه، 21(1)، 159-133.
8. مطیعی‌ لنگرودی، س. ح.، قدیری ‌معصوم، م.، رضوانی، م. ر.، نظری، ع.، و صحنه، ب. (1390). تأثیر بازگشت مهاجران به روستاها در بهبود معیشت ساکنان (مطالعۀ موردی: شهرستان آق‌قلا). پژوهش‌های جغرافیای انسانی، 43(78)، 83-67.
9. مهدوی، ص.، صحنه، ب.، و نجفی‌ کانی، ع. ‌ا. (1399). تحلیلی بر چالش‌ها و فرصت‌های پیش‌روی توسعه‌یافتگی پایدار روستاهای نواحی کوهستانی و جلگه‌ای شهرستان گرگان. جغرافیا و توسعه، 18(61)، 142-115.
10. ناصری، ز.، صحنه، ب.، و نجفی ‌کانی، ع. ‌ا. (1398). تحلیلی بر کارکردهای بازارهای هفتگی در کیفیت زندگی نواحی روستایی شهرستان گنبدکاووس. روستا و توسعه، 22(2)، 123-105.
11. نجفی‌ کانی، ع. ‌ا.، صحنه، ب.، آرخی، ص.، و دلاور دیزگاه، ش. (1399). بررسی متغیرهای اثرگذار بر تاب‌آوری مساکن روستایی در برابر مخاطرات در مناطق دشتی و کوهستانی (مورد شناسی: روستاهای بخش مرکزی قوچان). جغرافیا و آمایش شهری-منطقه‌ای، 10(37)، 44-23.
12. نجفی ‌کانی، ع. ‌ا.، صحنه، ب.، آرخی، ص.، و مسگری، آ. (1399). تحلیلی بر پیامدهای صنایع تبدیلی و تکمیلی بخش کشاورزی در نواحی روستایی (مطالعۀ موردی: بخش‌های مرکزی و نوکنده شهرستان بندرگز). مطالعات برنامه‌ریزی سکونتگاه‌های انسانی، 15(1)، 52-35.
13. ویسی، ف.، و نیکخواه، چ. (1397). واکاوی نقش گردشگری در معیشت و پایداری معیشتی خانوارهای روستایی (مطالعۀ موردی: بخش اورامان سروآباد). نشریۀ جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی، 22(66)، 348-329.

 

14. Adisa, R. (2012). Rural development: Contemporary issues and practices. Janeza Trdine: InTech publishers.
15. Alam, G. M. M., Alam, K., Mushtaq, S., & Clarke, M. L. (2017). Vulnerability to climatic change in riparian char and river-bank households in Bangladesh: Implication for policy, livelihoods and social development. Ecological Indicators, 72, 23–32.
16. Ashraf, S., Iftikhar, M., & Shahbaz, B., & Khan, Gh. A., & Luqman, M. (2013). Impacts of flood on livelihoods and food security of rural communities: A case study of southern Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 50, 751-758.
17. Berkes, F., & Folke, C., (2002). Back to the future: Ecosystem dynamics and local knowledge. In L. H. Gunderson, & C. S. Holling (Eds.), Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems (pp. 121-146). Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
18. Carney, D (1998). Sustainable Livelihoods. What difference can we make? London: Department for International Development.
19. Chambers, R., & Gordon R, C. (1991). Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century. IDS Discussion Paper 296, IDS, Brighton.
20. (2005). Sustainable livelihoods: A roach gideline. Chapel, Ottawa, Canada: Partners Rural Development.
21. Costanza, R., Steffen, W., Hibbard, K., Crumley, C., Leemans, R., Dearing, J., …, & Schimel, D. (2007). Evolution of the human-environment relationship. In C. J. Cleveland (Ed.), Encyclopedia of earth. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment.
22. Csaki, C., & Tuck, L. (2000). Rural development strategy: Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Washington DC, USA: World Bank Tech. Report No. 484. World Bank.
23. Dearing, J. A., Battarbee, R. W., Dikau, R., Larocque, I., & Oldfield, F. (2006). Human-environment interactions: learning from the past. Regional Environmental Change, 6, 1-16.
24. The Department for International Development (DFID). (1999). Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets. Retrieved from http://www.ennonline
25. Dharmawan, A. (2015). Farm income and financing in rural Indonesia: A case study from West Kalimantan. Goettingen (Germany): Aachen (Germany) Alano Verlag/Ed. Herodot.
26. Eakin, H., & Appendini, K. (2008). Livelihood change, farming, and managing flood risk in the Lerma Valley, Mexico. Agriculture and Human, 25, 555-566.
27. Ellis, F. (2000). Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
28. Epanchin-Niell, R., Kuwayama, Y., & Walls, M. (2017). Spatial-dynamic complexities of climate challenge for rural areas: integrating resource and regional economic insights. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 99, 447-463.
29. Fergusen, J.-A. (2012). Generatig sustainable livelihoods: The role of co-pperatives. Harnessing the Co-operative Advantage to Build a Better World, 1-6.
30. Gwimbi, P. (2009). Linking rural community livelihoods to resilience building in flood risk reduction in Zimbabwe. Jamba: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies. 2, 1-16.
31. Holman, I. P., Brown, C., Carter, T. R., Harrison, P., & Rounsevell, M. (2019). Improving the representation of adaptation in climate change impact models. Reginal Environmental Change, 19, 711-721.
32. Horsley, J., Prout, S., Tonts, M., & Ali, S. H. (2015). Sustainable livelihoods and indicators for regional development in mining economies. The Extractive Industries and Society, 2, 368-380.
33. Huang, X., Huang, X., He, Y., & Yang, X. (2017). Assessment of livelihood vulnerability of land-lost farmers in urban fringes: A case study of Xi'an, China. Habitat International, 59, 1-9.
34. Johnson, A. W. (1979). Production and exchange in traditional societies: non-stratified societies. Course 153A. Fall Term, Department of Anthropology, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 27 September and 2 October.
35. Kabir, M., Hou, X., Akther, R., & Wang, J. (2012). Impact of Small Entrepreneurship on Sustainable Livelihood Assets of Rural Poor Women in Bangladesh. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(3), 265-280.
36. Keshavarz, M., Maleksaeidi, H., & Karami, E. (2016). Livelihood vulnerability to drought: A case of rural Iran. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 21, 223-230.
37. Khayyam, U. (2020). Floods: Impacts on livelihood, economic status and poverty in the North-West region of Pakistan. Natural Hazards, 102, 1033–1056.
38. Koszegi, M., Bottlik, Z., Telbisz, T., & Laszlo, (2015). Human-environment relationships in modern and postmodern geography. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin, 64, 87-99.
39. Lamichhane, K. (2010). Sustainable livelihoods a roach in assessment of vulnerability to the impacts of climate change: A study of Chhekampar VDC. Gurkha District: Kathmandu University.
40. Liu, J., Dietz, T., Carpenter, S. R., Alberti, M., Folke, C., Moran, E., & …, & Taylor, W. W. (2007). Complexity of coupled human and natural systems. Science, 14(317), 1513-1516.
41. Lodhi, T. E., Lugman, M., & Khan, Gh. A. (2006). Perceived effectiveness of public sector extension under decentralized agricultural extension system in the Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Agriculture & Social Sciences, 2, 195-200.
42. Bunning, S., Mcdonagh, J., McGarry, D., Liniger, H.and Rioux, J. (2009) Field manual for local level land degradation assessment in drylands part 2: tools and methods for fieldwork. Working Paper. Food and Agriculture Organisation
43. Mduma, J., & Wobst, P. (2005). Determinants of rural labor market participation in Tanzanian. African Studies Quarterly, 8, 32-47.
44. Memon, F., & Sharjeel, M. Y. (2015). Catastrophic effects of floods on environment and health: Evidence from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal Engineering Technology Science, 5(2), 72-84.
45. Moran, E. F. (2010). Environmental social science: Human-environment interactions and sustainability. New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
46. Morse, S., McNamara, N., & Acholo, M. (2009). Sustainable livelihood a roach: A critical analysis of theory and practice. Geographical Paper No. 189, Retrieved from https:// reading.ac.uk/ web/ files/ geography and environment alscience/ GP189.pdf
47. Parvin, G., Shimi, A., Shaw, R, & Biswas, Ch. (2017). Flood in a changing climate: The impact on livelihood and how the rural poor cope in Bangladesh. Journal Climate, 4, 1-15.
48. Rapaport, R. A. (1977). Ecology, adaptation and the ills of functionalism. Michigan Discussions in Anthropology, 2, 138-190.
49. Rudiarto, , Handayani, W., Wijaya, H. B., &Insani, T. D. (2019). Rural livelihood resilience: An assessment of social, economic, environment, and physical dimensions. The 5^th International Conference on Sustainable Built Environment, 11th to 13th October, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantaan,,
50. Scoones, I. (1998). Sustainable rural livelihoods: A framework for analysis. Brighton, UK: IDS Working Paper.
51. Serra, P. (2000). Subsidies in Chilean public utilities. Washington, DC: World Bank.
52. Serrat, O. (2008). The sustainable livelihoods a roach. Manila: ADB.
53. Tang, Q., Bennett, S.J., Xu, Y., & Li, Y. (2013). Agricultural practices and sustainable livelihood: Rural transformation within the Loess Plateau, China. A Lied Geography, 41, 15-23.
54. Timalsina, K. (2007). Rural urban migration and livelihood in the informal sector a study of street vendors of Kathmandu metropolitan. Nepal: Norwegia University of Science and Technology (NTNU).
55. Turner, B. (2015). Nature and society in geography. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (2nd ed.) (pp. 334-339). New York: Elsevier Ltd.
56. Upton, M. (1996). The economics of tropical farming systems (Vol. 81). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
57. Yusof, A., Siddique, A., Baqui, A., Eusof, A., & Zaman, K. (1991). 1988 Floods in Bangladesh: Pattern of illness and causes of death. Journal of Diarrheal Diseases Research, 9(4), 310-314.
58. Zimmerer, K. S. (2017). Geography and the study of human environment relations. In D. Richardson, N. Castree, & M. F. Goodchild (Eds.), International encyclopedia of geography: People, the earth, environment, and technology (pp. 1-23). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.