Evaluation of Diversity in some Phytochemical Characteristics and Antibacterial Effects of Extract of Iranian Cultivars of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema morifolium Ramat.)

علوم باغبانی

Article 11, Volume 36, Issue 1 - Serial Number 53, March 2022, Pages 149-161   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jhs.2021.68860.1019

Authors

Sh. Taghipour¹; A. Ehtesham Nia^{* 1}; H. Khodayari²; H. Mumivand³

¹Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khoram abad, Iran

²Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoram Abad, Iran

³Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khoram Abad, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
 Due to their pleasant and soothing taste and odor, attractive colors, and medicinal purposes, Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers have been widely used as food, tea, ornamentation, and medicine. It has been reported that C. morifolium can reduce hyperactivity of the liver, improve eyesight and regulate cellular immunity. Pharmacological investigations have shown that Flo's chrysanthemum exhibits antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and heart-protective characteristics. Previous phytochemical studies on caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids, triterpenoids, glycosides and alkaloids have been isolated from Flo's chrysanthemum. In this study, chrysanthemum cultivars were evaluated in terms of having secondary compounds and desirable medicinal properties, as well as antibacterial effects to introduce superior cultivars and purposeful planning for breeding research. The purpose of the present study, 25 cultivars of C. morifolium were compared in terms of essential oil content, leaves total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity.
Materials and Methods
 In this experiment, 25 chrysanthemum cultivars were studied in terms of essential oil percentage, antioxidant index, total phenol and flavonoid content and antibacterial effects in a randomized complete block design in Lorestan University research farm in the year 2016. Essential oil was extracted from dried flowers in the shade using a Clevenger apparatus for 3 hours. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of the extract was measured by DPPH method based on the method of Kulisic et al. (2004). The amount of flavonoids was measured by aluminum chloride and total phenol by Folin - Ciocalteu reagent colorimetric. Ward analysis was done to classify the cultivars.
Results and Discussion
The results of analysis of variance showed that the studied chrysanthemum cultivars had significant differences in terms of all studied phytochemical traits. According to the obtained results, among different cultivars, the total amount of phenolic compounds is between 14.52-47.90 mg/g dry weight, the total flavonoid content is between 11.59-55.62 mg/g DW and IC₅₀ index varied between 83.92 and 257.43 μg/ml. The highest amount of total phenol was present in Avadis and Dila cultivars (45.86-47.90 mg/g dry weight), while Yasamin cultivar (14.52 mg/g DW) had the lowest amount. Also, in terms of total flavonoid content, Golnar and Farahnaz cultivars had the highest total flavonoid content with 55.62 and 53.01 mg quercetin/g DW, respectively. Cluster analysis divided all studied cultivars into five groups. The percentage of essential oil among different cultivars varied between 0.41 to 0.62% and a high variability was observed in terms of the amount of essential oil in the studied cultivars. The highest percentage of essential oil was related to Farhnaz and Elmira2 cultivars. In general, the results showed high antioxidant activity of most cultivars. Therefore, chrysanthemum extract can be introduced as a suitable source of natural antioxidants. Also in this study, Paridokht, Sana and Ashraf cultivars were studied in terms of antioxidant and antibacterial index and Farahnaz and Elmira 2 cultivars appeared superior to other cultivars in terms of essential oil production. Hedaei et al. (2018) studied evaluation of some bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of leaf methanolic extract and flower essential oil content from different cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium, in this review, total phenol and flavonoid contents and IC₅₀ values in different cultivars were ranged from 17.63-33.20 mg/g DW, 12.62-53.17 mg quercetin/g, and 54-228 μg/ml respectively. The highest phenolic content was in cultivar “Poya3” (33.20 mg/g DW), whereas the cultivar “Sahand2” (17.63 mg/g DW) contained the lowest value. Also, in terms of total flavonoid content, cultivars “Marmar” and “Sahand 2” had the highest and the lowest flavonoids with 53.17 and 12.62 mg quercetin per gram, respectively. 
Conclusion
 The results of the present study indicate a significant difference between different cultivars in terms of the total amount of phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant compounds that the existence of such diversity can be the role of cultivar and genetics in the production of these compounds. According to the results of this study, chrysanthemum cultivars with desirable levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds can be used as a source of natural antioxidants as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants. In this study, Sana, Paridokht and Ashraf cultivars appeared superior to the existing genotypes in terms of phytochemical and antibacterial traits. The results of this study can be used to select the correct parents for purposeful crosses in subsequent chrysanthemum breeding programs in order to improve the phytochemical traits of existing cultivars.

Keywords

Antioxidant activity; Chrysanthemum; Essential oil; Flavonoids; Phenol

References

1. Agrios G.N. 2005. Plant pathology. 5thed.Academic press, San Francisco, California. Pp.922.
2. Ahvazi M., Khalighi-Sigaroodi F., Charkhchiyan M.M., Mojab F., Mozaffarian V-A., and Zakeri H. 2012. Introduction of medicinal plants species with the most traditional usage in Alamut region. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR 11(1): 185. (In Persian with English abstract)
3. Alexieva I., Mihaylova D., and Popova A. 2013. Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of aqueous extracts of fresh Chrysanthemum balsamita leaves growing in Bulgaria. Научни трудове на русенския університет cерия. 10: 88-91.
4. Asadi S., Ahmadiani A., Esmaeili M.A., Sonboli A., Ansari N., and Khodagholi F. 2010. In vitro antioxidant activities and an investigation of neuroprotection by six Salvia species from Iran: A comparative study. Food and Chemical Toxicology 48: 341–1349.
5. Bonjar S. 2004. Evaluation of antibacterial properties of some medicinal plants used in Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 94(2-3): 301-5.
6. Bystricka J., Vollmannová A., Margitanová E., and Cicova I. 2010. Dynamics of polyphenolic formation in different plant parts and different growth phases of selected buckwheat cultivars. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 95: 225-229.
7. Chang K.M., and Kim G.H. 2013. Volatile aroma constituents of gukhwa (Chrysanthemum morifolium). Food Science and Biotechnology 22(3): 659-663.
8. Cheng W., Li J., You T., and Hu C. 2005. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of the extracts from the inflorescence of Chrysanthemum indicum Ethnopharmacol 101(1-3): 334-7.
9. Cui Y., Wang X., Xue J., Liu J., and Xie M. 2014. Chrysanthemum morifolium extract attenuates high-fat milk-induced fatty liver through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-mediated mechanism in mice. Nutrition Research 34(3): 268–275.
10. Da silva J.A.T. 2003. Chrysanthemum: advances in tissue culture, cryopreservation, postharvest technology, genetics and transgenic biotechnology. Adv. 21: 715-766.
11. Dixon R.A., and Paiva N.L. 1995. Stress-induced phenylpropanoid Plant Cell 7: 1085-1097
12. Duh P.D., Tu Y.Y., and Yen G.C. 1999. Antioxidant activity of water extract of Harng Jyur (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat). Food Science and Technology 32: 269-277.
13. Guzelmeric E., Vovk I., and Yesilada E. 2015. Development and validation of an HPTLC method for apigenin 7-O-glucoside in chamomile flowers and its application for fingerprint Ethnopharmacology 101(1–3): 334–
14. Hamdan M., Al-Ismail K., and Al-Delaimy K. 2007. The antibacterial activity of selected edible plant extracts against Bacillus cereus. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3(2): 148-55.
15. Hasanzadeh N. 2005.Technological implication of natural products in plant diseases management with special emphasis on fireblight, Journal of agriculture sciences Islamic Azad University 11(1): 53-67.
16. Hodaei M., Rahimmalek M., and Arzani A. 2019. Evaluation of some bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of leaf methanolic extract and flower essential oil content from different cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium.Journal of Plant Production Research 25(4): 133-143. (In Persian with English abstract)
17. Hossain M.A., Shah M.D., Gnanaraj C., and Iqbal M. 2011. In vitro total phenolics, flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity of essential oil, various organic extracts from the leaves of tropical medicinal plant Tetrastigma from Sabah. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 4(9): 717–721.
18. Hung C.Y., Tsai Y.C., and Li K.Y. 2012. Phenolic antioxidants isolated from the flowers of Osmanthus fragrans. Molecules 17: 10724-10737.
19. Hwang S.H., Paek J.H., and Lim S.S. Simultaneous ultra-performance liquid chromatography determination and antioxidant activity of linarin, luteolin, chlorogenic acid and apigenin in different parts of Compositae species. Molecules 21: 1609.
20. Kelen M., and Tepe B. 2008. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the essential oils of three Salvia species from Turkish flora. Biotechnology Journal 99: 4096–
21. Khosravi A., and Malecan M. 2004. Effects of lavandula stoechas extracts on staphylococcus aureus and other gram negative bacteria.
22. Kulisic T., Radinoc A., Katalinic V., and Milos M. 2004. Use of different method for testing antioxidative activity of orange essential oil. Food Chemistry 85: 633-640.
23. Lin G.H., Lin L., Liang H.W., Ma X., Wang J.Y., Wu L.P., Jiang H.D., Bruce I.C., and Xia Q. 2010. Antioxidant action of a Chrysanthemum morifolium extract protects rat brain against ischemia and reperfusion injury. Journal of Medicinal Food 13: 306-311.
24. Lograda T., Ramdani M., Chalard P., Figuered, , Silin, H., and Kenoufi M. 2013. Chemical composition, antibacterial activity and chromosome number of Algerian populations of two Chrysanthemum species. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 3: 6-11.
25. Ma Y.L., Sun P., Feng J., Yuan J., Wang Y., Shang Y.F., and Wei Z.J. 2020. Solvent effect on phenolics and antioxidant activity of Huangshan Gongju (Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat) Tzvel. cv. Gongju) extract. Food and Chemical Toxicology 111875.
26. Mahmoudi H, Rahnama K., and Arabkhani M. 2010. Antibacterial Effect Essential oil and Extracts of Medicinal Plant on the Causal Agents of Bacterial Canker and Leaf Spot on the Stone Fruit Tree. Journal of Medicinal Plants 9(36) :34-42
27. Marotti M., Dellacecca V., Piccaglia R., and Glovanelli E. 1993. Agronomic and chemical evaluation of three varieaties of Foeniculum vulgare. Acta Horticulturae 331: 63-69.
28. Mazandarani M., Yassaghi S., Rezaei M., and Ghaemi E. 2007. Ethnobotany and anti bacterial activity from essential oil of two endemic Hypericum species in North of Iran. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 6(2): 354-8.
29. Nisreen H. 2015. Flavonoid in flower and leaf of Chrysanthemum as antioxidants and therapeutic agents. Int. Hum. Res. J. online at ihrj.org. ISSN 2347-7067.
30. Orhan I., Zelik B., Kartal M., Zdeveci B., and Duman H. 2007. HPLC quantification of vitexine-2-Orhamnoside and hyperoside in three Crataegus species and their antimicrobial and antiviral activities. Chromatographia 66: 153-157.
31. Saboora A., Dadmehr K.H., and Ranjbar M. 2013. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and investigation on antioxidant properties of stem and leaf extracts in six Iranian species of wild Dianthus Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 29: 281-295.
32. Sadeghi G., Determination of Antibacterial Effect of Glycyrrhica Glabra on E. Coli, Salmonella Typhi, Shigella Flexneri and Shigella Sonnei. Thesis No (1249): Islamic Azad Univer Pharmacol Scien; 2002-2003. p. 10-99. (Text in Persian)
33. Slinkard K., and Singleton V.L. 1977. Total phenol analysis; automation and comparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 28: 49-55.
34. Sun H., Zhang T., Fan Q., Qi X., Zhang F., Fang W., Jiang J., Chen F., and Chen S. 2015. Identification of floral Scent in Chrysanthemum cultivars and wild relatives by Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 20: 5346-5359.
35. Tabarsa H., Koohsari H., and Fadwa A. 2017. Antibacterial effect of lemon verbena leaf extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in traditional ice cream. Journal of Food Research 26(4): 737-747.
36. Taheri Azizabadi H., Bagheri N., Babaeian N.A., and Sharifi Mehr S. 2013. Investigation of antibacterial properties of lemon (Lippia citriodora) juice extract on some strains of gram-positive and negative bacteria, National Conference on Medicinal Plants, Tehran, Ayatollah Amoli Branch of Science and Research.
37. Teixira D.S.J. 2004. Ornamental Chrysanthemum: improvement by biotechnology. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 79: 1-18.
38. Wang Y., Li J., Xu Z., Li M., Wang K., Pang S., and Ni Y. 2020. The formation process of green substances in Chrysanthemum morifolium tea. Food Chemistry 326: 127028.
39. Wang T., Zhu Z., Guo Q., and Mao P. 2013. Variation in major flavonoids glycosides and caffeoylquinic acids during florescence of three Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv. ‘Hangju’ genotypes. Biochem. Systematic Ecology 47: 74-79.
40. Wang Y.J., Yang X.W., and Guo Q.S. 2008. Studies on chemical constituents in Huangjuhua (flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium). Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 33: 526-530.
41. Zeng Y., Deng M., Lv Z., and Peng Y. 2014. Evaluation of antioxidant activities of extracts from 19 Chinese edible flowers. Springerplus 3: 315.