Comparative Analysis of the Proposed Development Model in Tehran Strategic-Structural Master Plan (2007) using Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Model

جغرافیا و توسعه فضای شهری

Article 10, Volume 7, Issue 2 - Serial Number 13, March 2021, Pages 207-187   

Document Type: Original Article

DOI: 10.22067/jgusd.2021.44987.0

Authors

Mehrdad Rahmani^{* 1}; Bahram Aminzadeh Goharrizi²; Saeed Rastegar³; Babak Aminzadeh Goharrizi³

¹Assistant Professor in Urban Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

²Associate Professor in Urban Planning, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran

³PhD Candidate in Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Moving towards sustainability is not a recommendation, but an "imperative" in light of Tehran's challenges, which include air pollution, traffic, excessive energy consumption, and etc. The critical aim of this article is to assess the compatibility of the development model in Tehran's comprehensive plan (approved in 2007) with the concept of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) as one of the main models for achieving sustainability. The TOD development model, which includes five components of "development structure", "development scale", "development intensity", "development direction", and "development quality" was derived from a review of the literature and global experiences. Then, the content analysis method was employed to extract the development model of Tehran Comprehensive plan 2007, and therefore, two development models were compared with each other using "adaptive evaluation". To this end, expert judgments were applied as the basis of evaluation in four components, while quantitative methods were used in the component of "development intensity". The results showed that the component of "development structure" has the lowest rate of compliance with the TOD model. It is due to the density distribution in the Tehran Comprehensive plan, which is based on road network hierarchy rather than subway stations. Furthermore, the highest level of compliance is associated with the "development direction" component, the reason for which is the use of the infill development approach in the Tehran comprehensive plan, which is perfectly consistent with the TOD principles. Taking into account all variables, the average rate of compliance of the Tehran Comprehensive plan's development model with the TOD model is in the "poor compliance" range.

Keywords

TOD Model; Development Model; Tehran; Sustainability

References

1. حبیبی، س. م. (1387). از شار تا شهر. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
2. رضویان، م. ت.، درگاهی، م. م.، و هونکزهی، م. ا. (1395). کاهش اثرات حمل‌ونقل بر سازمان فضایی شهر با بهره‌گیری از توسعه مبتنی بر حمل‌ونقل (TOD). نگرش­های نو در جغرافیای انسانی، (33)، 38-19.
3. سالکی، م. ع.، قنبری، ا.، و قاسمی خویی، م. (1398). ارزیابی فضایی هسته‌های فرعی پیشنهادی طرح جامع جدید شهر تبریز برای تبدیل به مراکز توسعه حمل‌ونقل‌محور (TOD)، برنامه­ریزی فضایی، (34)، 46-23.
4. شرکت کنترل کیفیت هوای تهران (1399). گزارش سالانه آلودگی هوای تهران. تهران: شرکت کنترل کیفیت هوای تهران.
5. کلانتری، م.، احدنژاد، م.، مشکینی، ا.، و نوروزی، م. ج. (1399). تحلیل ساختاری-کارکردی توسعه حمل و نقل محور در محدوده طرح ترافیک کلانشهر تهران. برنامه­ریزی منطقه­ای، (38)، 125-142
6. کمیته TOD شورای شهر تهران (1398). گزارش مدیریتی بررسی وضعیت تهران از منظر TOD. تهران: شورای اسلامی شهر تهران.
7. معاونت حمل و نقل و ترافیک شهر تهران (1398). گزارش سالانه ترافیک شهر تهران. تهران: معاونت حمل و نقل و ترافیک شهر تهران
8. مهندسان مشاور بوم‌سازگان (1386).­ گزارش نتایج نهایی و دستاوردهای طرح جامع شهر تهران. تهران: شهرداری تهران.
9. مهندسان مشاور پارت (1393). بررسی انطباق ضوابط شهرسازی تهران با الگوی TOD . تهران: مرکز مطالعات و برنامه ریزی شهر تهران.
10. Belzer, D., & Autler, G. (2002). Transit Oriented Development: Moving from rhetoric to reality. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy and Great American Station Foundation.
11. Berawi, M. A., Saroji, G., Iskandar, F. A., Ibrahim, B. E., Miraj, P., & Sari, M.(2020). Optimizing land use allocation of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) to generate maximum ridership. Sustainability, 12(3798), 1-20.
12. Berke, P. R., Lyles, W. & Smith, G. (2014). Impacts of federal and state hazard mitigation policies on local land use policy. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 34, 60–76.
13. Berke, P., Crawford, J., Dixon, J., & Erickson, N. (1998). Do Co-operative Environmental Management Mandates Produce Good Plans? New Zealand: The New Zealand Experience” Working Paper. (DCRP, Chapel Hill, NC).
14. Bernick, M., & Cervero, R. (1997). Transit Villages in the 21st century. Ohio: McGraw-Hill, Columbus,
15. Brody, S. D. (2003). Examining the Impacts of Stakeholder Participation in Watershed Approaches to Planning. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 22(4), 107-119.
16. Brody, S. D., Highfield, W. E. & Thornton, S. (2006). Planning at the urban fringe: an examination of the factors influencing nonconforming development patterns in southern Florida. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 33(1), 75–96.
17. Calthorpe, P. (1993), The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
18. Cervero, R. (2002). Built environments and mode choice: toward a normative framework. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 7, 265–284.
19. Cervero, R., & Kockelman, K. (1997). Travel ridership and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design. Transportation Research D, 2(3), 199–219.
20. Cervero, R., Arrington, G.B., Smith-Heimer, J., Dunphy, R., Murphy, S., Ferrell,, Goguts, N., Tsai, Y.-H., Boroski, J., Golem, R., Peninger, P., Nakajima, E., Chui, E., Meyers, M., McKay, S. & Witenstein, N. (2004). Transit Oriented Development in America: Experiences, Challenges, and Prospects, TCRP Report 102. National Washington, D.C.: Academy Press.

• Curtis, C., Renne, J. L., & Bertolini, L. (2009). Transit Oriented Development: Making it happen. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing.

22. De vos, Jonas, et al. (2014). The influence of attitudes on Transit- Oriented Development: An explorative analysis, Transport Policy, 35, 326-329.
23. Dittmar, H., Belzer, D., Autler, A. (2004). An introduction to transit-oriented development. In: H., Dittmar, G., Ohland (Eds.), The NewTransit Town: Best Practices inTransit-Oriented Development. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

• Dorsey, Bryan & Mulder, Alice. (2013). Planning, place-making and building consensus for Transit-Oriented Development: Ogden, Utah case study. Journal of Transport Geography, (32), 65–76.

25. Dunphy, R., & Porter, D. (2006). Manifestations of Development Goals in Transit-Oriented Projects. Manifestations of Development Goals in Transit-Oriented Projects. Transportation Research Record, (1), 172-178.
26. Guthrie, A. & Fan, Y. (2016). Developers' perspectives on transit-oriented development. Transport Policy, 51, 103-114.
27. Kamruzzaman, M., Baker, D., Washington, S., Turrell, G., (2013). Residential dissonance and mode choice. Transp. Geogr, 33, 12–28.
28. Lin, J. J., & Gau, C. C. (2006). A TOD planning model to review the regulation of allowable development densities around subway stations. Land Use Policy. 23(3), 353–360.
29. Loo, B. P. Y., Chen, C., & Chan, E. T. H. (2010). Rail-based transit-oriented development: Lessons from New York City and Hong Kong. Landscape and Urban Planning, 97, 202–212.
30. Mu, R., De Jong, M. (2012). Establishing the conditions for effective transit-oriented development in China: the case of Dalian. J.Transp. Geogr. 24, 234–249.
31. Olaru, D., Smith, B., & Taplin, J.H.E. (2011). Residential location and Transit-Oriented Development in a new rail corridor. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 45, 219–237.
32. Renne, J. L. (2009). From transit-adjacent to Transit-Oriented Development. Local Environment, 14, 1–15.

• Searle, G., & Darchen, S., & Huston, S. (2014). Positive and Negative Factors for Transit Oriented Development: Case Studies from Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney. Urban Policy and Research, 32 (4), 437-457.

34. Stevens, M. R., Ward, L., & Philip R. B. (2014). Measuring and Reporting Intercoder Reliability in Plan Quality Evaluation Research. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 34(1), 77–93.
35. Strauss, A., & Juliet, C. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. California: Sage.
36. Sung, H., & Oh, J. T. (2011). Transit-Oriented Development in a high-density city: identifying its association with transit ridership in Seoul, Korea. Cities, 28(1), 70–82.
37. Taki, H. M., Maatouk, M. M. H., & Lubis, M. Z. (2018). Spatial Model of TOD in JMR’s Master Plan. IEEE international Conference.
38. World Health Organization (WHO) (2019). WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database. Switzerland: World Health Organization. Online version: http:// who. int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/
39. Yang, J., & Chen, J., & Le, X., & Zhang, Q. (2016). Density-oriented versus development oriented transit investment: Decoding metro station location selectionin Shenzhen. Transport Policy, 51, In
40. Zhang, Y., Song, R., Nes, R. V., He. S., & Yin. W. (2019). Identifying Urban Structure Based on Transit-Oriented Development. Sustainability, 11(7241), 1-21.