Investigating the Status of the Combined Water Security Index of Iranian Provinces in the Period of 2012-2017: Application of Multi-Criteria Analysis Methods

فصلنامه آب و توسعه پایدار

Article 4, Volume 8, Issue 2 - Serial Number 20, September 2021, Pages 21-32   

Document Type: Applied Article

DOI: 10.22067/jwsd.v8i2.1028

Authors

nader maleki¹; Reza Shakeri bostanabad^{* 2}; mohsen salehi komroudi³; saeedeh seiedabadi⁴

¹Semnan Management and Planning OrganizationManagement and Planning Organization of Semnan Province, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Tehran, Iran

³University of Tabriz, Iran

⁴Shahroud University of Technology, Iran

Abstract

Drought and water shortage in Iran is a climatic reality and due to the increasing need for water in various sectors, especially the agricultural sector, the problem of drought will become more acute in the coming years. Meanwhile, the approach of maintaining water security is less seen in the country's development policies, especially in the agricultural sector, and development policy in Iran has led to the threat of the country's water resources and has posed a serious challenge to establishing water security in the country. Therefore, the management of water resources and how to use it in Iran needs a serious review and therefore it is necessary that the water resources of different regions in terms of physical, social and economic factors and development policies based on it to be continuously assessed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the situation of water security in the provinces of the country in 2012 and 2017 based on water security indicators and identify the most important variables affecting it. For this purpose, first, using the method of hierarchical analysis and the opinions of experts and researchers, the relative importance of water security indicators was determined and using multi-criteria analysis methods, the combined water security index of the provinces of Iran in 2012 and 2017 was constructed. According to the results, the provinces of Khuzestan, Tehran, East Azerbaijan, Kurdistan and Mazandaran are in a better situation and the provinces of Qom, Yazd, Kerman and Sistan and Baluchestan are in a worse situation in terms of water security than other provinces in the country. 

Keywords

Combined Water Security Index; Iran; Water Resources; Multi-Criteria Analysis; Spearman-Shannon Index

References

بدری، س. و اکبریان رونیزی، س. 1385. مطالعه تطبیقی کاربرد روش‌‎های سنجش توسعه یافتگی در مطالعات ناحیه‎‌ای. مجله جغرافیا و توسعه، (7)4: 5−22.
تقوایی، م. و شیخ بیگلو، ر. 1392. ابداع و معرفی مدل RALSPI: مدلی جدید جهت ارزیابی گزینه‌‎ها و سنجش سطح توسعه سکونتگاه‎‌ها. مطالعات پژوهش‎‌های شهری و منطقه‎‌ای، 4(16):1-22.
سلامی، ح. و طاهری ریکنده، ع. 1398. سنجش وضعیت امنیت آبی در استان‌های ایران. اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی، 33(1): 75-94.
سلیمی‎فر، م.، نوروزی، ر. و مطهری، م. 1388.سنجش توسعه صنعتی و توسعه منطقه‌‎ای استان‎‌های خراسان رضوی، جنوبی و شمالی، پژوهش‌‎های اقتصادی، 9(4): 175-196.
شریعتمدار، م.ح. 1397. مدیریت آب، خشکسالی و عوارض اقلیمی در اقتصاد مقاومتی. سازمان برنامه و بودجه کشور، معاونت امور اقتصادی و هماهنگی برنامه و بودجه (دبیرخانه ستاد فرماندهی اقتصاد مقاومتی). آب و اقتصاد مقاومتی. یازدهمین کنفرانس دوسالانه اقتصاد کشاورزی ایران. دانشگاه تهران، تهران.
عباسی، ف.، ناصری، ا.، سهراب، ف.، باغانی، ج.، عباسی، ن. و اکبری، م. 1394. ارتقای بهره‏‌وری مصرف آب. جلد اول. سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی. نوبت چاپ اول. تهران. ایران.
عبدالله‎زاده، غ.، شریف‌زاده، م. و ترحمی، ب. 1394. مقایسه روش‌های تجمیع شاخص‌ها برای ساخت شاخص ترکیبی توسعه منطقه‎‌ای، مطالعات و پژوهش‌های شهری منطقه‎ای، 7(27): 1-20.
عربی یزدی، ا.، نیک‌نیا، ن.، مجیدی، ن. و امامی، ح. 1393. بررسی امنیت آبی در اقلیم‌های خشک از دیدگاه شاخص رد پای آب (مطالعه موردی: استان خراسان جنوبی). نشریه آبیاری و زهکشی ایران، 8(4): 735-746.
محمدجانی، ا. و یزدانیان، ن، 1393. تحلیل وضعیت بحران آب در کشور و الزامات مدیریت آن. روند (روند پژوهش‏‌های اقتصادی)، 21(65-66): 117-144.
مهدیار اسماعیلی، م.، صالحی کمرودی، م. و شاکری بستان‌آباد، ر. 1398. ارزیابی و تحلیل شاخص‌‎های تاب‎‌آوری اقتصادی برای کشورهای تک‌‎محصولی. دوفصلنامه جستارهای اقتصادی،   16(32): 211-237.
نصرآبادی، ا. 1394. شواهد زیست‏‌محیطی بحران آب ایران و برخی راه‏‌حل‏ها. فصلنامه راهبرد اجتماعی فرهنگی، 4(15): 65-89.
Arreguin-Cortes F.I., Saavedra-Horita J.R., Rodriguez-Varela J.M., Tzatchkov V.G., Cortez-Mejia P.E., Llaguno-Guilberto O. J. and Sainos-Candelario A. 2020. State level water security indices in Mexico. Sustainable Earth, 3: 1-14.
Bandura R. 2006. A Survey of Composite Indices Measuring CountryPerformance: 2006 Update, United Nations Development Programme -Office of Development Studies.
Brooks N., Adger W.N. and Kelly P.M. 2005. The determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity at the national level and the implications for adaptation. Global environmental change, 15(2): 151-163.
Guitouni A. and Martel J.M. 1998. Tentative guidelines to help choosing an appropriate MCDA method. European Journal of Operational Research, 109(2): 501-521.
Hailu R., Tolossa D. and Alemu G. 2020. Household Water Security Index: Development and Application in the Awash Basin of Ethiopia. International Journal of River Basin Management, 9: 1-17.
Joint Research Centre-European Commission.2008. Handbook on constructing composite indicators: methodology and user guide. OECD publishing.
Jonsson A.C. and Wilk J. 2014. Opening Up the Water Poverty Index—Co-Producing Knowledge on the Capacity for Community Water Management Using the Water Prosperity Index. Society & Natural Resources, 27(3): 265-280.
Korc M. E.and Ford P.B. 2013. Application of the Water Poverty Index in border colonias of west Texas. Water Policy, 15(1): 79-97.
López Álvarez B., Santacruz de León G., Ramos Leal J. A. and Morán Ramírez J. 2015. Water poverty index in subtropical zones: The case of Huasteca Potosina, Mexico. Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental, 31: 173-184.
Manandhar S., Pandey V.P. and Kazama F. 2012. Application of water poverty index (WPI) in Nepalese context: A case study of Kali Gandaki River Basin (KGRB). Water Resources Management, 26(1): 89-107.
Nardo M., Saisana M., Saltelli A., Tarantola S., Hoffman H. and Giovannini E. 2005. Handbook on constructing composite indicators: methodology and user guide. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Statistics Working Paper JT00188147, OECD, France.
Noriko Yamaguchi. 2007. Asia Pacific Water Forum. Asia-Pacific Water Summit, Beppu, Japan. 
Pan Y.H., Gu C.J., Ma J.Z., Zhang T.S. and Zhang H. 2014. Water Poverty Index in the inland river basins of Hexi Corridor, Gansu province. In Advanced Materials Research, 864: 2371-2375.
Pandey V.P., Babel M.S., Shrestha S. and Kazama F. 2011. A framework to assess adaptive capacity of the water resources system in Nepalese river basins. Ecological Indicators, 11(2): 480-488.
Saaty T.L. and Vargas L.G. 2012. Models, methods, concepts & applications of the analytic hierarchy process. Springer Science & Business Media,175: 23-40.
Sullivan C. 2001. The potential for calculating a meaningful water poverty index. Water international, 26(4): 471-480.
Sullivan C. 2002. Calculating a water poverty index. World development, 30(7): 1195-1210.
Sullivan C.A., Meigh J.R. and Giacomello A.M. 2003. The water poverty index: development and application at the community scale. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. In Natural resources forum, 27(3): 189-199.
Sullivan C., Meigh J. and Lawrence P. 2006. Application of the Water Poverty Index at Different Scales: A Cautionary Tale: In memory of Jeremy Meigh who gave his life's work to the improvement of peoples lives. Water international, 31(3): 412-426.
Tuzmen S. and Sipahi S. 2011. A multi-criteria factor evaluation model for gas station site selection. 2nd International Conference on Business and Economic Research, Kedah, Malaysia
UNESCO-IHE. 2009. Research Themes. Water Security. http://www.unesco-ihe.org/Research/Research-Themes/Water-security(accessed 15.06.11).
Van Ty T., Sunada K., Ichikawa Y. and Oishi S. 2010. Evaluation of the state of water resources using Modified Water Poverty Index: A case study in the Srepok River basin, Vietnam–Cambodia. International Journal of River Basin Management, 8(3-4): 305-317.
Zhang R., Duan Z., Tan M. and Chen X. 2012. The assessment of water stress with the Water Poverty Index in the Shiyang River Basin in China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 67(7):2155-2160.
Zhou P., Ang B.W. and Poh K.L. 2007. A mathematical programming approach to constructing composite indicators. Ecological Economics, 62: 291–297.
Zhou P. and Ang B. W. 2009. Comparing MCDA aggregation methods in constructing composite indicators using the Shannon-Spearman measure. Social Indicators Research, 94(1): 83-96.