Geochemistry, S and Sr isotopes and origin of the Shahneshin barite deposit, NW Kurdistan Province, Iran

زمین شناسی اقتصادی

Article 6, Volume 13, Issue 4 - Serial Number 31, 2021, Pages 789-815   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/econg.2021.51781.85753

Authors

Hadi Amin-Rasouli^{* 1}; Mehdi Moradi²; Zahra Sadat Baleshabadi¹

¹Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

²Geological Survey of Iran West Territory, Sanandaj, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
The lenticular Shahneshin barite deposit (N: 35°39'36'' and E: 46°36'11'') is located 80 km  northeast of Marivan, Kurdistan Province; north Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (Stöcklin, 1968). The deposit consists of stratiform ore and stringer zone. The stringer zone has occurred with alteration sericite- quartz in the footwall dacitic unit (K^v) and evident in a series of vein-veinlets under stratiform ore. The stratiform ore has been located concurrently on the dacite unit and below the Sanandaj Shale unit (Hasankhanloo, 2015).
The study area mainly consists of Mesozoic succession dominated by the dacite tuff, andesitic-basaltic lava and pillow lava (K^v: the host rock), black slate and phyllite (K_s^s: Sanandaj Shale), dolomitic limestone with intercalation of sandstone (K^l), and black shale and slate (K^s: Sanandaj Shale). In this study, samples of the Shahneshin barite deposit have been analyzed for their ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and δ³⁴S isotopes and trace elements (plus REE) geochemistry to assess the source of the deposit.
 
Materials and methods
Forty samples were collected from the Shahneshin barite deposit and country rocks. Polished blocks (6 samples) and thin sections (34 samples) were prepared for SEM images and petrographic examination at the University of Kurdistan. Trace elements (plus REE) were determined by ICP-MS in the Geological Survey center of Iran (Karaj). 
The detection limits for elements are between 0.08-0.6 ppm. Three whole-rock samples for Sr and S isotopes were analyzed at the Department of Earth and Space Sciences of the University of Science and Technology of China.
Sulfur isotope analyses were measured by the use of a Delta V Plus Gas Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer. The analysis accuracy was determined to be ±0.2‰ (2σ) by using Canyon Diablo Troilite (CDT) as a standard (³⁴S/³²S=0.0450045). The strontium isotopic composition was completed on a Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry instrument by Phoenix. The measured strontium isotope normalized to ⁸⁶Sr/⁸⁸Sr=0.1194 and its NBS-987 standard was 0.7102477±0.000014 (2σ).
 
Results
Strontium isotopes, sulfur isotopes, trace-element (plus REE) composition, fluid inclusion, and petrography of barites help to identify sources of mineral-forming components and environments of precipitation (Baioumy, 2015). The Shahneshin barite deposit includes sulfate barium without valuable Pb and Zn elements. Barite crystals are mainly coarse (>20µ m) with euhedral, tabular, and bladed morphologies. Fluid inclusion microthermometry indicates that the barite formed from low salinity (2.0-8.5 wt.% NaCl eq.) fluids at low temperatures, between 115 to 215^oC (Hasankhanloo, 2015).
Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the barite samples reflect enrichment of the LREE/HREE ratios, as is shown by the high (Nd/Er)_CN> 11 ratios. They also show Eu/Eu*_CN (0.5-7.0), Ce/Ce*_SN (0.1-1.16), La/Lu*_CN >1, and ratios of the Ce/La (mostly>1), and Eu/Sm (0.1-2.83). The geochemistry of the barite samples represents variation in the abundance of trace elements and REE_CN patterns. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and S-isotopic values of Shahneshin barite samples are 0.70649-0.70651 and δ³⁴S=19.05-21.53‰, respectively.
 
Discussion
Barite has very little Rb in its structure, and the isotopic composition of the original Sr is preserved in it (Martin et al., 1995). The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of the barite samples are consistent with ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.70649-0.70651, which itself is higher than those for host volcanic rocks (0.704-0.705) but lower than that of the Cretaceous seawater (0.7075), the time of barites formation. We may conclude that strontium in the barites is a mixture of predominantly juvenile hydrothermal fluid of low Sr isotope and seawater that contains more radiogenic strontium. δ³⁴S (=19.05-21.53‰) of the samples indicate that much of the sulfur in barite was derived from seawater (δ³⁴S=20-22‰).
Fluid inclusion salinities (Hasankhanloo, 2015), crystal sizes and morphology, abundance of sulfate mineral, lack of valuable Pb and Zn, distribution patterns of trace elements (plus REE) of barite reveal that mixture of magmatic fluid and seawater, with different ratios, were the source of the barite-forming fluid. That is supported by the δ³⁴S values, the location of samples on the Th-U diagram (seawater sources), variations in trace element (plus REEs), and Au anomaly (magmatic sources) in the samples. REEs, La enrichment, variations in abundance of trace elements, as well as δ³⁴S and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope values of the samples are consistent with the Kuroko massive sulfide-type (Marumo, 1989) and submarine hydrothermal volcanic model. In this model, barium has leached from the bedrocks by circulation of reduced hydrothermal fluid and transported along the syn-sedimentary normal faults to the sea-floor. Then, fluid is mixed with SO₄^2- of seawater and it causes the barite to precipitate. These barites have been formed in an open system, on or immediately below the sea-floor.
The Shahneshin barite deposit was, most probably, formed within caldera structures on top of the volcanic complexes in the late-stage of submarine volcanic activity with andesite-dacite in composition. It has occurred at continental margin tectonic setting between subduction zone and passive continental margin due to oblique collision along the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone in the Late Cretaceous. 

Keywords

Shahneshin; Barite; REEs; S isotope; Sr isotope

References

Aghanabati, A., 2004. Geology of Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, 606 pp. (in Persian)

Aloisi, G., Wallmann, K., Bollwerk, S.M., Derkachev, A., Bohrmann, G. and Suess, E., 2004. The effect of dissolved barium on biogeochemical processes at cold seeps. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(8): 1735–1748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.10.010

Arjmandfar, J., 2017. Rationale, technical, and economic planning of Abdosamadi barite deposit. Central office of Kuhastan cooperative company, 1240, Sanandaj, Report, 380 pp. (in Persian)

Azizi, H. and Jahangiri, A., 2008. Cretaceous subduction-related volcanism in the northern Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, Iran. Journal of Geodynamics, 45(4): 178–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2007.11.001

Azizi, H., Najari, M., Asahara, Y.J., Catlos, E., Shimizu, M. and Yamamoto, K., 2015. U-Pb zircon ages and geochemistry of Kangareh and Taghiabad mafic bodies in northern Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, Iran: Evidence for intra-oceanic arc and back-arc tectonic regime in Late Jurassic. Tectonophysics, 660: 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.08.008

Baioumy, H.M., 2015. Rare earth elements, S and Sr isotopes and origin of barite from Bahariya Oasis, Egypt: Implication for the origin of host iron ores. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 106: 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.03.016

Barrat, J-A., Keller, F., Amossé, J., Taylor, R., Nesbitt, R. and Hirata, T., 1996. Determination of rare earth elements in sixteen silicate reference samples by ICP-MS after Tm addition and ion exchange separation. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 20(1): 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.1996.tb00177.x

Bau, M., 1991. Rare-earth element mobility during hydrothermal and metamorphic fluid-rock interaction and the significance of the oxidation state of europium. Chemical Geology, 93(3/4): 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90115-8

Bau, M. and Dulski, P., 1996. Distribution of yttrium and rare-earth elements in the Penge and Kuruman iron-formations, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 79(1): 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(95)00087-9

Bender, M., Broecker, W., Gornitz, V., Miduel, U., Kay, R. and Suns, S., 1971. Geochemistry of three cores from the east Pacific rise. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 12(4): 425–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(71)90028-8

Bonatti, E., Zerbi, M., Kay, R. and Rydell, H., 1976. Metalliferous deposits from the Apennine ophio-lites: Mesozoic equivalents of modern deposits from spreading centers. GSA Bulletin., 87(1): 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<83:MDFTAO>2.0.CO;2  

Brewer, T.S., Ahall, K-L., Menuge, J.F., Storey, C.D. and Parrish, R.R., 2004. Mesoproterozoic bimodal volcanism in SW Norway, evidence for recurring pre-Sveconorwegian continental margin tectonism. Precambrian Research, 134(3–4): 249–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2004.06.003

Church, T.M. and Bernat, M., 1972. Thorium and uranium in marine barite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 14(1): 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(72)90093-3

Clark, S.H.B., Poole, F.G. and Wang, Z., 2004. Comparison of some sediment-hosted, stratiform barite deposits in China, the United States, and India. Ore Geology Reviews, 24‌(1–2): 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2003.08.009

Claypool, G.E., Holser, W.T., Kaplan, I.R., Sakai, H. and Zak, I., 1980. The age curves of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in marine sulfate and their mutual interpretation. Chemical Geology, 28: 199–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(80)90047-9

De Ronde, C., Faure, K., Bray, C.M., Chappell, D.A. and Wright, I.C., 2003. Hydrothermal fluids associated with seafloor mineralization at two southern Kermadec arc volcanoes, offshore New Zealand. Mineralium Deposita, 38: 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-002-0305-4

Denison, R.E., Koepnick, R.B., Burke, W.H., Hetherington, E.A. and Fletcher, A., 1994. Construction of the Mississippian, Pennsylvanian and Permian seawater ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr curve. Chemical Geology, 112(1–2): 145–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90111-2

Douville, E., Bienvenu, P., Charlou, J.I., Donval, J.P., Fouquet, Y., Appriou, P. and Gamo, T., 1999. Yttrium and rare earth elements in fluids from various deep-sea hydrothermal systems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63(5): 627–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00024-1

Ehya, F., 2012. Rare earth element and stable isotope (O, S) geochemistry of barite from the Bijgan deposit, Markazi Province, Iran. Mineralogy and Petrology, 104: 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-011-0172-8

Eickmann, B., Thorseth, I.H., Peters, M., Strauss, H., Bröcker, M. and Pedersen, R.B., 2014. Barite in hydrothermal environments as a recorder of sub-seafloor processes: A multiple isotope study from the Loki’s Castle vent field. Geobiology, 12(4): 308–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12086

Elderfield, H., 1988. The oceanic chemistry of the rare earth elements. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 325(1583): 105–106. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1988.0046

Fouquet, Y., Pelleter, E., Konn, G., Chazot, G., Dupré, S., Alix, A.S., Chéron, S., Donval, J.P., Guyader, V., Etoubleau, J., Charlou, J.L., Labanieh, S. and Scalabrin, C., 2018. Volcanic and hydrothermal processes in submarine calderas: The Kulo Lasi example (SW Pacific). Ore Geology Reviews, 99: 314–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.06.006

Franklin, J.M., Gibson, H.L., Jonasson, I.R. and Galley, A.G., 2005. Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. In: J.W. Hedenquist, J.F.H. Thompson, R.J. Goldfarb, and J.P. Richards (Editors), Economic Geology 100th anniversary Volume. New Haven, CT, USA, pp. 523–560. https://doi.org/10.5382/AV100.17

Giesemann, A., Jager, H.J., Norman, A.L., Krouse, H.P. and Brand, W.A., 1994. Online sulfur-isotope determination using an elemental analyzer coupled to a mass-spectrometer. Analytical Chemistry, 66: 2816–2819. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00090a005

‏Goldberg, E.D., Somayajulu, L.K., Galloway, J., Kaplan, I.R. and Faure, G., 1969. Differences between barites of marine and continental origins. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 33(2): 287–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(69)90145-8

Griffith, E.M. and Paytan, A., 2012. Barite in the ocean-occurrence, geochemistry and palaeoceanographic applications. Sedimentology, 59(6): 1817–1835. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2012.01327.x

Guichard, R., Church, T.M., Treuil, M. and Jaffrezic, H., 1979. Rare earths in barites: distribution and effects on aqueous partitioning. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 43(7): 983–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(79)90088-7

Hannington, M.D., de Ronde, C.E.J. and Petersen, S., 2005. Seafloor tectonics and submarine hydrothermal systems. In: J.W. Hedenquist, J.F.H. Thompson, R.J. Goldfarb, and J.P. Richards (Editors), Economic Geology 100th anniversary Volume. New Haven, CT, USA, pp. 111–141. https://doi.org/10.5382/AV100.06

Hannington, M.D., Poulsen, K.H., Thompson, J.F.H. and Sillitoe, R.H., 1999. Volcanogenic gold in the massive sulfide environment. Reviews in Economic Geology, 8: 325–356. https://doi.org/10.5382/Rev.08.14

Hannington, M.D. and Scott, R., 1988. Mineralogy and geochemistry of hydrothermal silica-sulfide-sulfate spire in the caldera of Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge. The Canadian Mineralogist, 26(3): 603–625. Retrieved March 06, 2021 from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article-abstract/26/3/603/12057/Mineralogy-and-geochemistry-of-a-hydrothermal?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Hanor, J.S., 2000. Barite- celestine geochemistry and environments of formation, in sulfate minerals-crystallography, geochemistry and environmental significance. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, l40(1): 193–275. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2000.40.4

Hasankhanloo, S., 2015. Geology, mineralogy, deformation and genesis of Abdossamadi barite deposit in the late Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequence, northeast Marivan. M.Sc. Thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, 134 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)

Haynes, W.M., Lide, D.R. and Bruno, T.J., 2016. Abundance of elements in Earth's crust and in

 

     the sea. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, pp. 14–17 Retrieved from 20 February 2020 from https://www.amazon.com/CRC-Handbook-Chemistry-Physics-97th/dp/1498754287

Hein, J.R., 2002. Continental margin hydrothermal mineralization; Southern California Borderland. 32nd Underwater Mining Conference, Wellington, New Zealand.

Hein, J.R., Zierenberg, R.A., Maynard, J.B. and Hannington, M.D., 2007. Barite-forming environments along a rifted continental margin, Southern California Borderland. Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography, 54(11): 1327–1349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.04.011

Herzig, P.M., Hannington, M.D., Fouquet, Y., von Stackelberg, U. and Petersen, S., 1993. Gold-rich polymetallic sulfides from the Lau back arc and implications for the geochemistry of gold in sea-floor hydrothermal systems of the Southwest Pacific. Economic Geology, 88(8): 2182–2209. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2182

Hofmann, R. and Baumann, A., 1984. Preliminary report on the Sr isotopic composition of hydrothermal vein barites in the Federal Republic of Germany. Mineralium Deposita, 19: 166–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00204681

Jamieson, J.W., Hannington, M.D., Tivey, M.K., Hansteen, T., Williamson, N.M., Steward, M., Fietzke, J., Butterfield, D., Frische, M., Allen, L., Cousens, B. and Langer, J., 2016. Precipitation and growth of barite within hydrothermal vent deposits from the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 173: 64–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.10.021

Jewell, P.W., 2000. Bedded barite in the geological record. In: C.R. Glenn, J. Lucas and L. Prevot (Editors), Marine authigenesis: from global to microbial. SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology, Special Publication, USA, 66, pp. 147–161. https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.00.66.0147

Jewell, P.W. and Stallard, R.F., 1991. Geochemistry and paleoceanographic setting of central Nevada bedded barites. The Journal of Geology, 99(2): 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1086/629482

Kontak, D.J., Kyser, K., Gize, A. and Marshall, D., 2006. Structurally controlled vein barite mineralization in the Maritimes basin of eastern Canada: geological setting, stable isotopes, and fluid inclusions. Economic Geology, 101(2): 407–430. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.2.407

Koski, R.A. and Hein, J.R., 2003. Stratiform barite deposits in the Roberts Mountains Allochthon, Nevada: A review of potential analogs in modern sea-floor environments. In: J.D. Bliss, P.R. Moyle and K.R. Long (Editors), Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research. U.S. Geology Survey Bulletin, USA, pp. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3133/b2209H

Kurian, S., Nath, B.N., Ramaswamy, V., Naman, D., Rao, G., Kamesh Raju, K.A., Selvaraj, K. and Chen, C.T.A., 2008. Possible, detrital, diagenetic and hydrothermal sources for Holocene sediments of the Andaman backarc basin. Marine Geology, 247(3–4): 178–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2007.09.006

Kusakabe, M. and Robinson, B.W., 1977. Oxygen and sulfur isotope equilibria in the BaSO₄-H₂SO₄-H₂O system from 110 to 350°C and applications. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 41(8): 1033–1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(77)90098-9

Kusakabe, M., Mayeda, S. and Nakamura, E., 1990. S, O, and Sr isotope systematics of active vent materials from the Mariana backarc basin spreading-axis at 88°N. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 100(1–3): 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90190-9

Lever, M.A., Rouxel, O., Alt, J.C., Shimizu, N., Ono, S., Coggon, R.M., Shanks, W.C., Lapham, L., Elvert, M., Prieto-Mollar, X., Hinrichs, K.U., Inagaki, F. and Teske, A., 2013. Evidence for microbial carbón and sulfur cycling in deeply buried ridge flank basalt. Science, 339(6125): 1305–1308. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1229240

Lottermoser, B.G., 1992. Rare earth elements and hydrothermal ore formation processes. Ore Geology Reviews, 7(1): 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(92)90017-F

Maanijou, M., Vafaei Zad, M. and Aliani, F., 2016. Fluid inclusion and sulfur stable isotope evidence for the origin of the Ahangran Pb-Ag deposit. Journal of Economic Geology, 7(2): 343–367. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v7i2.25816

Martin, E.E., Macdougall, J.D., Herbert, T.D., Paytan, A. and Kastner, M., 1995. Strontium and neodymium isotopic analysis of marine barite separates. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(7): 1353–1361. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00049-6

Marumo, K., 1989. The barite ore fields of Kuroko-type of Japan. In: M.K. de Brodtkorb (Editor), Non-metaliferous stratabound ore fields. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 201–231. Retrieved July 10, 2018 from https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/nonmetalliferous-stratabound-ore-fields-md-de-rodtkorb/1117015388

Maynard, J.B., Morton, J., Valdes-Nodarse, E.L. and Diaz-Carmona, A., 1995. Sr isotopes of bedded barites; guide to distinguishing basins with Pb-Zn mineralization. Economic Geology, 90(7): 2058–2064. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.90.7.2058

Maynard, J.B. and Okita, P.M., 1991. Bedded barite deposits in the United States, Canada, Germany, and China; two major types based on tectonic setting. Economic Geology, 86(2): 364–376. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.86.2.364

Michard, A., 1989. Rare earth element systematics in hydrothermal fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53(3): 745–750. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.90.7.2058

Mohajjel, M. and Fergusson, C.L., 2014. Jurassic to Cenozoic tectonics of the Zagros Orogen in northwestern Iran. International Geology Review, 56(3): 263–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2013.853919

Mohajjel, M., Fergusson, C.L. and Sahandi, R., 2003. Cretaceous–Tertiary convergence and continental collision, Sanandaj- Sirjan Zone, western Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21(4): 397–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00035-4

Molinaro, M., Zeyen, H. and Laurencin, X., 2005. Lithospheric structure beneath the southeastern Zagros Mountains, Iran: recent slab break-off? Terra Nova, 17(1): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2004.00575.x

Monnin, C. and Cividini, D., 2006. The saturation state of the world’s ocean with respect to (Ba, Sr)SO₄ solid solution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70(13): 3290–3298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.002

Mousivand, F., Rastad, E., Emami, M.H. and Peter, J.M., 2013. Formation of Various Types of Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) Deposits and Its Relationship With Tectono-Magmatic Evolution in the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone. Scientific Quarterly Journal, Geosciences, 23 (90): 11–20. (in Persian with English abstract) http://dx.doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2014.43901

Nakajima, T. and Sasaki, A., 1985. Sulfur isotopic ratio and pyrite/magnetite distribution in the Kuroko host rocks. Mining Geology, 35(4): 273–288. https://doi.org/10.11456/shigenchishitsu1951.35.273

Ohmoto, H., 1996. Formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits: The Kuroko perspective. Ore Geology Reviews, 10(3–6): 135–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(95)00021-6

Ohmoto, H. and Lasaga, A.C., 1982. Kinetics of reactions between aqueous sulfates and sulfides in hydrothermal systems Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 46(10): 1727–1745. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(82)90113-2

Ohmoto, H., Mizukami, M., Drummond, S.E., Eldridge, C.S., Pisutha-Arnond, V. and Barton, P.B.Jr., 1983. Chemical processes of Kuroko formation. In: H. Ohmoto and B.J. Skinner (Editors), The Kuroko and related volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Society of Economic Geologists, USA, 5, pp. 570–604. https://doi.org/10.5382/Mono.05.32

Paropkari, A.L., Ray, D., Balaram, V., Prakash, L.S., Mirza, I.H., Satyanarayana, M., Rao, T.G. and Kaisary, S., 2010. Formation of hydrothermal deposits at Kings Triple Junction, northern Lau back-arc basin, SW Pacific: the geochemical perspectives. Journal of Asian Earth Science, 38(3–4): 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.12.003

Paytan, A., Gray, E.T., Ma, A., Erhardt, A. and Faul, K., 2011. Application of sulphur isotopes for stratigraphic correlation. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 48(1): 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/10256016.2011.625423

 

Paytan, A., Kastner, M., Martin, E.E., Macdougall, J.D. and Herbert, T., 1993. Marine barite as a monitor of seawater strontium isotope composition. Nature, 366: 445–449. https://doi.org/10.1038/366445a0

Paytan, A., Mearon, S., Cobb, K. and Kastner, M., 2002. Origin of marine barite deposits: Sr and S isotope characterization. Geology, 30(8): 747–750. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0747:OOMBDS>2.0.CO;2

Pirajno, F., 1992. Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits: Principles and Fundamental Concepts for the Exploration Geologist. Springer-Verlag, London, 709 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800020392

Reeves, E.P., Seewald, J.S., Saccocia, P., Bach, W., Craddock, P.R., Shanks, W.C., Sylva, S.P., Walsh, E., Pichler, T. and Rosner, M., 2011. Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the PACMANUS, Northeast Pual and Vienna Woods hydrothermal fields, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75(4): 1088–1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.008

Sánchez-Espańa, F.J., Velasco, F. and Yusta, I., 2000. Hydrothermal alteration of felsic volcanic rocks associated with massive sulphide deposition in the northern Iberian Pyrite Belt (SW Spain). Applied Geochemistry, 15(9): 1265–1290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00119-5

Sato, T., 1977. Kuroko deposits: their geology, geochemistry and origin. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 7: 153–161. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.18

Seal, R.R., Alpers, C.N. and Rye, R.O., 2000. Stable isotope systematics of sulfate mineral. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 40(1): 541–602. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2000.40.12

Shahpasandzadeh, M. and Gurabjairi, A., 2006. Geological map of Bayenjub, scale 1:100,000. Geological Survey of Iran.

Sheikholeslami, M.R., 2015. Tectonstratigraphic units of southeastern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone. Scientific Quaterly Journal, Geosciences, 24(95): 243–252. (in Persian with English abstract) http://dx.doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2015.42068

Shields, G., Kimura, H., Yang, J. and Gammon, P., 2004. Sulphur isotopic evolution of Neoproterozoic-Cambrian seawater: new francolitebound sulphate δ³⁴S data and a critical appraisal of the existing record. Chemical Geology, 204(1–2):163–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.001

Stern, R.J., Tamura, Y., Ishizuka, O., Shukano, H., Bloomer, S.H., Emb-ley, R.W., Leybourne, M., Kawabata, H., Nunokawa, A., Nichols, A.R.L., Kohut, E. and Pujana, I., 2013. Volcanoes of the Diamante cross-chain: Evidence for a mid-crustal felsic magma body beneath the southern Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc. Geological Society London Special Publication, 385(1): 235–255. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP385.6

Stix, J., Kennedy, B., Hannington, M., Gibson, H., Fiske, R., Mueller, W. and Franklin, J., 2003. Caldera-forming processes and the origin of submarine volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Geology, 31(4): 375–378. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0375:CFPATO>2.0.CO;2

Stöcklin, J., 1968. Structural history and tectonic of Iran; a review. AAPG Bulletin, 52(7): 1229–1258. https://doi.org/10.1306/5D25C4A5-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D

Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematic of ocean basalts: implications for mantle composition and process. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 42(1): 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19

Tajeddin, H., Rastad, E., Yaghubpur, A. and Mohajjel, M., 2010. Evolution trends in the formation of Barika gold-rich massive sulfide deposit, West of Sardasht, NW Sanandej-Sirjan metamorphic zone, based on structure, texture and fluid inclusion studies. Journal of Economic Geology, 2(1): 97–121. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v2i1.3688

Tütken, T., Eisenhauer, A., Wiegand, B. and Hansen, B.T., 2002. Glacial interglacial cycles in Sr and Nd isotopic composition of Arctic marine sediments. Changes in sediment provenance triggered by Barents Sea ice sheet. Marine Geology, 182(3-4): 351-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00248-1

Urabe, T., 1987. Kuroko deposit modeling based on a magmatic-hydrothermal theory. Mining Geology, 37(3):159–176. https://doi.org/10.11456/shigenchishitsu1951.37.159

Velasco, F., Sánchez-Espańa, J., Boyce, A.J., Fallick, A.E., Sáez, R. and Almodóvar, G.R., 1998. A new sulphur isotopic study of some IPB deposits: evidence of a textural control on the sulphur isotope composition. Mineralium Deposita, 34: 4–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050182

Williams-Jones, A.E., Samson, I.M. and Olivo, G.R., 2000. The genesis of hydrothermal fluorite-REE deposits in the Gallinas Mountains, New Mexico. Economic Geology, 95(2): 327–342. https://doi.org/10.2113/95.2.327

Yang, K. and Scott, S.D., 1996. Possible contribution of a metal-rich magmatic fluid to a sea-floor hydrothermal system. Nature, 383: 420–423. https://doi.org/10.1038/383420a0

Zarasvandi, A.R, Zaheri, N., Pourkaseb, H., Chrachi, A. and Bagheri, H., 2014. Geochemistry and fluid-inclusion microthermometry of the Farsesh barite deposit, Iran. Geologos, 20(3): 201–214. https://doi.org/10.2478/logos-2014-0015