Mineralogy, geochemistry, tectonic environment and origin of granodiorite in the east of Bideshk (Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic zone)

زمین شناسی اقتصادی

Article 3, Volume 13, Issue 4 - Serial Number 31, 2021, Pages 719-740   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/econg.2021.52036.87968

Authors

Iman Rahmani Moghaddam¹; Seyed Mohsen Tabatabaei Manesh^{* 2}; Nargess Shirdashtzadeh¹; Elham Amani¹

¹Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

², Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Granitoids are one of the most abundant and common igneous rocks in the continental crust and they formed the world's largest batholiths. They are widely distributed in Precambrian to Cenozoic orogenic belts (e.g., Raymond, 2002), but some are formed in non-orogenic zones (Blatt et al., 2006). Because much of the continental crusts in orogenic belts are composed of granitoids, they are of particular importance in explaining the petrologic processes in orogenic belts.
Cenozoic magmatism of Urmieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc is intruded by Oligo-Miocene plutonic rocks in some regions (Arvin et al., 2004). An outcrop of Oligo-Miocene granites is found in Zafarghand area in the southeast of Ardestan in Isfahan Province. Sarjoughian et al. (2018), Aminoroayaei Yamini et al. (2017), Sadeghian and Ghaffary (2011), Khalatbari Jafari et al. (2016), and Ghalamghash et al. (2019) suggested that this magmatism is a result of lower crust melting during mantle wedge metasomatism, occurred by Neo-Tethys subduction.
This study aims to investigate the Oligo-Miocene granodiorites of East Bideshk, which is exposed in the central part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc in the northeast of Isfahan city. Despite the tectonomagmatic importance of this pluton in completing the geological history of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc, there are no comprehensive petrological studies performed on Bideshk granitoid. Thus, this study considered the mineralogy, geochemistry, tectonic environment, and origin of this granodiorite.
 
Materials and methods
Microprobe analysis of the minerals was performed using a CAMECA SX 100 model with 15 kV accelerator voltage and 20 nA current at Stuttgart University, Germany. The Minpet software was also used to calculate the structural formula of the minerals and plot the diagrams. Intact and less altered rock samples are selected for geochemical analysis of major, trace, and rare earth elements by ICP-MS and ICP-OES methods in the geochemical laboratory of ALS Chemex in Ireland. The LOI values are also obtained by the gravimetric method. Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ are calculated based on the method by Middlemost (1989). Abbreviations for minerals are from Whitney and Evans (2010).
 
Results and discussion
The Eocene Granodiorite - diorite rocks outcrop in the east of Bideshk area, in the northeast of Isfahan, and along the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic zone. According to lithological studies, they are mainly composed of granodiorite with predominant texture are granular, granophyre, and porphyroid.
The major minerals are plagioclase, quartz, K-feldspar, hornblende, and biotite. Accessory minerals include magnetite, and apatite. Calcite and chlorite are the secondary minerals. Embayed plagioclases and quartz with rounded margins and plagioclases with oscillatory zoning, sieved texture, and dusty rims show non-equilibrium conditions during magma mixing. The composition of calcic amphiboles in these rocks is actinolite- tremolite, hornblende, and magnesio- hornblende. Plagioclases in the rocks of the east of Bideshk are andesine to labradorite in composition, and some show oscillatory zoning. Thermobarometry results indicate pressure, temperature, and crystallization depth decrease from the core (average ~ 3.01-3.63 kb, 685-732℃) of hornblende crystals. Geochemical investigations show that this granitoid is metaluminous, calc-alkaline, and I-type. The primitive mantle and the chondrite- normalized patterns of Bideshk whole-rock samples show enrichment of LREE against HREE. It is in accordance with magmatism in a subduction zone. Geochemical diagrams and variation in Rb content relative to Nb can also indicate a subduction-related magma source and mantle wedge metasomatism in the east of Bideshk, during Neo-Tethys subduction beneath central Iran.
 
Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate University of Isfahan for providing academic facilities.

Keywords

I-Type granitoid; Granodiorite; Geochemistry; Bideshk; Urumieh-Dokhtar

References

Ahmadian, J., Hasckke, M., Mc Donald, I., Regelous, M., Ghorbani, M.R., Hashem Emami, M. and Murata, M., 2009. High magmatic flux during Alpine-Himalayan collision: constraints from the Kal-e-Kafi complex, central Iran. Geological Society of America, 121(5–6): 857–868. https://doi.org/10.1130/B26279.1

Almeida, M.E., Macambira, M.J. and Oliveira, E.C., 2007. Geochemistry and zircon geochronology of the I-type high-K calc-alkaline and S-type granitoid rocks from southeastern Roraima, Brazil: Orosirian collisional magmatism evidence (1.97–1.96 Ga) in central portion of Guyana Shield. Precambrian Research, 155(1–2): 69–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2007.01.004

Altherr, R., Holl, A., Hegner, E., Langer, C. and Kreuzer, H., 2000. High-potassium, calc-alkaline I-type plutonism in the European Variscides: northern Vosges (France) and northern Schwarzwald (Germany). Lithos, 50(1–3): 51–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(99)00052-3

Aminoroayaei Yamini, M., Tutti, F., Aminoroayaei Yamini, M.R. and Ahmadian, J., 2016. Plagioclase as evidence of magmatic evolution in the Zafarqand porphyry copper deposit, NE Isfahan. Economic Geology, 10(1): 103–85. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v10i1.49039

Aminoroayaei Yamini, M., Tutti, F., Haschke, M., Ahmadian, J. and Murata, M., 2017. Synorogenic copper mineralization during the Alpine–Himalayan orogeny in the Zafarghand copper exploration district, Central Iran: petrogrography, geochemistry and alteration thermometry. Geological Journal, 52(2): 263–281. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.2755

Anderson, J. L. and Smith, D.R., 1995. The effects of temperature and fO2 on the Al-in-hornblende barometer. American Mineralogist, 80(5–6): 549–559. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1995-5-614

Arvin, M., Dargahi, S. and Babaei, A.A., 2004. Mafic microgranular enclave swarms in the Chenar granitoid stock, NW of Kerman, Iran: evidence for magma mingling. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 24(1): 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2003.09.004

Aydogan, M.S., Coban, H., Bozcu, M. and Akıncı, Ö., 2008. Geochemical and mantle-like isotopic (Nd, Sr) composition of the Baklan Granite from the Muratdağı Region (Banaz, Uşak), western Turkey: Implications for input of juvenile magmas in the source domains of western Anatolia Eocene–Miocene granites. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 33(3–4): 155–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.10.007

Blatt, H., Tracy, R. and Owens, B., 2006. Petrology igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. W.H. Freeman and Company, USA, 529 pp.

Castro, A., 2013. Tonalite –granodiorite suites as cotectic systems: A review of experimental studies with applications to granitoid petrogenesis. Earth-Science Reviews, 124: 68–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.05.006

Chappell, B.W. and White, A.J., 2001. Two contrasting granite types: 25 years later. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 48(4): 489–499. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2001.00882.x

Chiu, H.Y., Chung, S.L., Zarrinkoub, M.H., Mohammadi, S.S., Khatib, M.M. and Iizuka, Y., 2013. Zircon U–Pb age constraints from Iran on the magmatic evolution related to Neotethyan subduction and Zagros orogeny. Lithos, 162: 70–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.01.006

Coltorti, M., Bonadiman, C., Faccini, B., Grégoire, M., O'Reilly, S.Y. and Powell, W., 2007. Amphiboles from suprasubduction and intraplate lithospheric mantle. Lithos, 99(1–2): 68–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2007.05.009

Cox, K.G., Bell, J.D. and Pankhurst, R.J., 1979. The interpretation of igneous rocks. George Allen and Unwin, London, 450 pp.

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. and J., Zussman, 1992, An Introduction to the Rock forming Minerals, Second Longman Editions, Longman, London, 696 pp.

DePaolo, D.J. and Daley, E.E., 2000. Neodymium isotopes in basalts of the southwest basin and range and lithospheric thinning during continental extension. Chemical Geology, 169(1–2): 157–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00261-8

Ewart, A., 1979. A review of the mineralogy and chemistry of Tertiary-Recent dacitic, latitic, rhyolitic, and related salic volcanic rocks. In: F. Barker (Editor), Developments in petrology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 13–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-41765-7.50007-1

Fan, W.M., Guo, F., Wang, Y.J. and Lin, G., 2003. Late Mesozoic calc alkaline volcanism of extension in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains, northeastern China. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 121(1–2): 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00415-8

Fitton, J.‌G., James, D., Kempton, P.‌D., Ormerod, D.‌S. and Leeman, W.‌P., 1988. The role of lithospheric mantle in the generation of late Cenozoic basic magmas in the western United States. Journal of Petrology, 24(1): 331–349. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/Special_Volume.1.331

Frost, B.R., Barnes, C.G., Collins, W.J., Arculus, R.J., Ellis, D.J. and Frost, C.D., 2001. A geochemical classification for granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 42(11): 2033–2048. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/42.11.2033

Frost, B.R. and Frost, C.D., 2008. A geochemical classification for feldspathic igneous rocks. Journal of Petrology, 49(11): 1955–1969. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egn054

Ghadirpour, M. Ahmadian, J. Sherafat, S. and Mackizadeh, M.A., 2018. Petrogenesis of Tarq-Mazdeh volcanic rocks based on clinopyroxene chemistry (South of Natanz, Urumieh Dokhtar volcanic belt). Journal of Economic Geology, 11(2): 305–320. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v11i2.63479

Ghalamghash, J., Schmitt, A.K. and Chaharlang, R., 2019. Age and compositional evolution of Sahand volcano in the context of post-collisional magmatism in northwestern Iran: Evidence for time-transgressive magmatism away from the collisional suture. Lithos, 344: 265–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.06.031

Ghorbani, M.R. and Bezenjani, R.N., 2011. Slab partial melts from the metasomatizing agent to adakite, Tafresh Eocene volcanic rocks, Iran. Island Arc, 20(2): 188–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2010.00757.x

Ghorbani, M.R., Graham, I.T. and Ghaderi, M., 2014. Oligocene–Miocene geodynamic evolution of the central part of Urumieh-Dokhtar Arc of Iran. International Geology Review, 56(8): 1039–1050. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2014.919615

Giret, A., Bonin, B. and Leger, J.M., 1980. Amphibole compositional trends in oversaturated and undersaturated alkaline plutonic ring-composition. The Canadian Mineralogist, 18(4): 481–495. Retrieved March 02, 2019 from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article-abstract/18/4/481/11440/Amphibole-compositional-trends-in-oversaturated

Green, N.L., 2006. Influence of slab thermal structure on basalt source regions and melting conditions: REE and HFSE constraints from the Garibaldi volcanic belt, northern Cascadia subduction system. Lithos, 87(1–2): 23–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2005.05.003

Hönig, S., Čopjaková, R., Škoda, R., Novák, M., Dolejš, D., Leichmann, J. and Galiová, M.V., 2014. Garnet as a major carrier of the Y and REE in the granitic rocks: An example from the layered anorogenic granite in the Brno Batholith, Czech Republic. American Mineralogist, 99(10): 1922–1941. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2014-4728

Irvine, T.N.J. and Baragar, W.R.A., 1971. A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 8(5): 523–548. https://doi.org/10.1139/e71-055

Jahangiri, A., 2007. Post-collisional Miocene adakitic volcanism in NW Iran: geochemical and geodynamic implications. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 30(3–4): 433–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.11.008

Jiang, C.‌Y. and An, S.‌Y., 1984. On chemical characteristics of Calcic amphiboles from igneous rocks and their petrogenesis significance. Acta Mineralogy Sinica, 33(1): 1–9. (in Chinese with English abstract) Retrieved February 12, 2016 from https://www.researchgate.net/post/Crustal_amphiboles_or_Mantle_amphiboles

Kemp, A.I.S., Hawkesworth, C.J., Collins, W.J., Gray, C.M. and Blevin, P.L. 2009. Isotopic evidence for rapid continental growth in an extensional accretionary orogen: the Tasmanides, eastern Australia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 284(3–4): 455–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.011

Khalatbari Jafari, M., Akbari, M. and Ghalamghash, J. 2016. Geology, Petrology and Tectonomagmatic Evolution of the Eocene Volcanic Rocks in Aq Dag Area, NE Abhar. Kharazmi Journal of Earth Sciences, 2(1): 33–60.   https://doi.org/10.29252/gnf.2.1.33

Leake, B.E., Woolley A.R., Birch W.D., Burke E.A., Ferraris G., Grice J.D. and Stephenson N.C., 2004. Nomenclature of amphiboles: additions and revisions to the International Mineralogical Association’s amphibole nomenclature. Mineralogical Magazine, 34(6): 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1180/0026461046810182

Machado, A., Lima, E.‌F., Chemale Jr, F., Morata, D., Oteíza, O., Almeida, D.P.M. and Urrutia, J.L., 2005. Geochemistry constraints of Mesozoic- Cenozoic calc-alkaline magmatism in the South Shetland arc, Antarctica. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 18(3–4): 407–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2004.11.011

Middlemost, E.A., 1989. Iron oxidation ratios, norms and the classification of volcanic rocks. Chemical Geology, 77(1): 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(89)90011-9

Miyashiro, A., 1994. Metamorphic petrology. CRC Press, London, 399 pp.

Moinevaziri, H., 1996. A Discourse on Magmatism in Iran. Tarbiat Moallem University Press, Tehran, 440 pp. (in Persian)

Mohajjel, M., Fergusson, C.L. and Sahandi, M.R., 2003. Cretaceous–Tertiary convergence and continental collision, Sanandaj–Sirjan zone, western Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21(4): 397–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00035-4

Moharami, F., Azadi, I., Mirmohamadi, M., Mehdipour Ghazi, J. and Rahgoshay, M., 2014. Petrological and Geodynamical Constraints of Chaldoran Basaltic Rocks, NW Iran: Evidence from Geochemical characteristics. Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences, 6(1): 31–43. Retrieved February 20, 2021 from http://ijes.mshdiau.ac.ir/article_522915.html

Nagudi, B., Koeberl, C. and Kurat, G., 2003. Petrography and geochemistry of the Singo granite, Uganda, and implications for its origin. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 36(1–2): 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(03)00014-9

Offler, R., 1984. Subcalcic, Fe-rich amphiboles in meta-dolerites, Glenrock Station, NSW, Australia. Mineralogical Magazine, 48(346): 47–52. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1984.048.346.07

Otten, M.‌T., 1984. The origin of brown hornblende in the Artfjället gabbro and dolerites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 86(2): 189-199. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381846

Pearce, J.‌A., Harris, N.‌B. and Tindle, A.‌G., 1984. Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 25(4): 956–983. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/25.4.956

Radfar, J., Alai Mahabadi, S. and Emami, E., 1999. Geology map Ardestan, scale 1: 100,000. Geological Survey of Iran (in Persian).

Raymond, L.‌A., 2002. The study of igneous sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Petrology McGraw-Hill, Boston, 720 pp.

Reichew, M.K., Saundres, A.D., White, R.V. and Ukhamedov, A.I., 2005. Geochemistry and

Petrogenesis of Basalts from the west Sibrian Basin, an extension of the Permo-TriassicSibrian Traps, Russia. Lithos, 79(3–4): 425–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.09.011

Rollinson, H., 1993. Using Geochemical Data: evaluation, presentation, interpretation, Longman Group UK Ltd., London, United Kingdom, 352 pp.

Sadeghian, M. and Ghaffary, M., 2011. The petrogenesis of Zafarghand granitoid pluton (SE of Ardestan). Iranian Journal of Petrology, 36(4): 47–70. Retrieved February 20, 2021 from https://ijp.ui.ac.ir/article_16071.html

Sarjoughian, F., Lentz, D., Kananian, A., Ao, S. and Xiao, W., 2018. Geochemical and isotopic constraints on the role of juvenile crust and magma mixing in the UDMA magmatism, Iran: evidence from mafic microgranular enclaves and cogenetic granitoids in the Zafarghand igneous complex. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 107(3): 1127–1151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-017-1548-8

Sarrionandia, F., Sánchez, M.‌C., Eguiluz, L., Ábalos, B., Rodríguez, J., Pin, C. and Ibarguchi, J.‌G., 2012. Cambrian rift-related magmatism in the Ossa-Morena Zone (Iberian Massif): Geochemical and geophysical evidence of Gondwana break‐up. Tectonophysics, 570(4): 135–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.07.023

Schmidt, M.‌W., 1992. Amphibole composition in tonalite as a function of pressure: an experimental calibration of the Al-in-hornblende barometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 110(2–3): 304–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00310745

Shelly, D., 1993. Igneous and metamorphic rocks under the microscope. Chapman and Hall, London, 445 pp.

Soesoo, A., 2000. Fractional crystallization of mantle‐derived melts as a mechanism for some I‐type granite petrogenesis: an example from Lachlan Fold Belt, Australia. Journal of the Geological Society, 157(1): 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs.157.1.135

Stein, E. and Dietl, C., 2001. Hornblende thermobarometry of granitoids from the Central Odenwald (Germany) and their implications for the geotectonic development of the Odenwald. Mineralogy and Petrology, 72(1–3): 185–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007100170033

Sun, S.‌S., 1982. Chemical composition and origin of the Earth’s primitive mantle. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 46(1): 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(82)90245-9

Tankut, A., Dilek, Y. and Önen, P., 1998. Petrology and geochemistry of the Neo-Tethyan volcanism as revealed in the Ankara melange, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85(1-4): 265–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00059-6

Temel, A., Gondogdu, M.‌N. and Gourgaud, A., 1998. Petrological and geochemical characteristics of Cenozoic high-K calc-alkaline volcanism in Konya, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85(1–4): 327–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00062-6

Verdel, C., Wernicke, B.‌P., Hassanzadeh, J. and Guest, B., 2011. A Paleogene extensional arc flare‐up in Iran. Tectonics, 30(3): 213–235. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010TC002809

Vyhnal, C.‌R., McSween, H.‌Y. and Speer, J.‌A., 1991. Hornblende chemistry in southern Appalachian granitoids: implications for aluminum hornblende thermobarometry and magmatic epidote stability. American Mineralogist, 76(1–2): 176–188. Retrieved February 01, 1991 from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/76/1-2/176/42488/Hornblende-chemistry-in-southern-Appalachian?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviation for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95(1): 185–187. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2010.3371

Wilson, M., 1989. Igneous petrogenesis. In: S. Mills and R. Mitchell (Editores), Mineralogical magazine. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 466–515. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1989.053.372.15

Wright, J.‌B. and McCurry, P., 1997. Geochemistry of calc-alkaline volcanic in northwestern Nigeria and a possible Pan-African suture zone. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 37(5): 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(77)90149-2

Yeganehfar, H., Ghorbani, M.‌R., Shinjo, R. and Ghaderi, M., 2013. Magmatic and geodynamic evolution of Urumieh–Dokhtar basic volcanism, Central Iran: major, trace element, isotopic, and geochronologic implications. International Geology Review, 55(6): 767–786. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2012.752554

Zhao, J.‌H. and Zhou, M.‌F., 2007. Neoproterozoic adakitic plutons and arc magmatism along the western margin of the Yangtze Block, South China. The Journal of Geology, 115(6): 675–689. https://doi.org/10.1086/521610