Origin of Mineralizing Fluids in the Choghart Magnetite-Apatite Deposit, NE of Bafq: Evidence from Mineralogy, Geochemistry, Microthermometry, Stable (O-H and O-C) and Unstable Isotopes (U-Pb and Nd-Sm)

زمین شناسی اقتصادی

Article 11, Volume 14, Issue 1 - Serial Number 32, 2022, Pages 109-155   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/econg.2021.67972.1004

Authors

kiamars hosseini¹; Majid Shahpasandzadeh^{* 2}; Mohammad Hossein Moradian Bafghi³

¹M.Sc., Department of Earth Sciences, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

²Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Graduate University of Advanced Technology Kerman, Kerman, Iran

³M.Sc., Iran Central Iron Ore Company, Bafgh, Yazd, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
The Bafq mining district (BMD) in the Kashmar-Kerman tectonic zone hosts ~34 magnetite-hematite-apatite ore deposits with about 1500 Mt of reserves in the central Iran (Torab, 2008). The mineralization has predominantly occurred in the Early Cambrian volcano-sedimentary rocks of Esfordi Formation. It consists of rhyolite, rhyodacite, spilitic basalt, and dolostone, which are intruded dominantly by the Early Cambrian granitoid intrusions (Torab, 2008). Metasomatism has not only affected vastly the ore deposits and their host rocks, but it has also controlled ore mineralization. This issue has caused ambiguity and a paradox in determining the genesis of these ore deposits. In this research study, sources of mineralization are determined in the Chogart magnetite-apatite ore deposits. The results of this research study constrain the genesis of the Choghart deposits. Moreover, they shed new light on ore-forming processes in similar ore deposits of the Bafq mining district. 
Methodology
In this research study, 87 rock and ore samples were collected from the Choghart magnetite-apatite ore deposits. 
Mineralogy characteristics of 10 apatite samples and 13 magnetite-apatite ore samples were determined by using the LEO-1400 Scanning Electron Microscope, with a voltage of 19-17 kV and a beam diameter of 20 nA. Moreover, three apatite and three albite samples were examined by using X-ray powder diffraction in the Iran Mineral Processing Research Center. Seventeen magnetite-hematite ore samples were also analyzed using ICP-MS in the Zarazma Company. For microthermometry, one sample of the 1^st-generation apatites was analyzed for fluid inclusions in the Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran.
Four apatite samples were studied by the O-H isotope method in the Hungarian Laboratory in Hungary, seven calcite samples were studied by the O-C method in Ottawa, Canada, two apatite sample were studied by the Nd-Sm method in Queensland, Australia, and four apatite samples were studied by the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry-Laser ablation method in Tasmania University in order to determine the origin of the mineralizing fluid.
 
Results
The petrography, geochemistry, and isotope studies on the host rock and magnetite-apatite ores of the Choghart deposit indicate various forms of mineralization, which is associated with extensive metasomatism. The O-H and Nd-Sm isotopes on the 1^st-generation apatites and the ratios of Sr relative to Mn of these apatites demonstrate a sedimentary origin, while the presence of ilmenite exsolution texture in the 1^st-generation magnetites shows a magmatic origin of the ore-forming processes. In addition, microthermometry of the fluid inclusions in the 1^st-generation apatites in the magnetite-apatite ore and the evaluation of the O-C isotopes on the paragenetic calcites with the 2^nd- and 3^rd-generation albites of host albite-bearing metasomatites indicate a combination of magmatic and high-temperature hydrothermal processes. The results of ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb isotopic studies on the 1^st-generation apatites and 1^st- and 2^nd-generation monazites inclusions of the 1^st-apatites illustrate that monazites are younger than the apatites, which could indicate separation of U-Pb by hydrothermal fluids or formation of apatite ores during a separate phenomenon.
 
Discussion
In this research study on the Choghart magnetite-apatite ores and its albite-bearing metasomatic host rocks, three generations of albites, two generations of apatites, two generations of monazites and two generations of magnetite have been identified. The geochemical evaluation of the albites indicates lower REE-Y-Ti of the 1^st-generation albites, which are sterile in terms of Th-U, compared to the 2^nd- and 3^rd-generation albites. The O-C isotope analysis of the paragenetic calcites demonstrated albitization due to the magmatic and high-temperature hydrothermal fluids. In addition, the O-H isotope studies on fluid inclusions of the apatites demonstrate atmospheric origin of the fluids, while the microthermometry results of the apatite fluid inclusions indicate magmatic and hydrothermal origins of these fluids. On the other hand, presence of ilmenite exsolutions in the magnetites and O-H isotope of the magnetites, conducted by Moore and Modabberi (2003) and Majidi et al. (2021) have shown the magmatic origin of the fluids. The Nd-Sm isotopic results of 1^st-generation apatites, rhyolitic host rock, and iron-apatite ores indicate different initial contents of their Nd isotope ratios. The similarity of εNd in the 1^st-generation apatites with phosphorite of the Soltanieh Formation, along with Sr versus Mn amounts of the apatites reinforce the idea that the apatites could have been derived from these sedimentary phosphorites, whose εNd contents increased due to the high-temperature magmatic and hydrothermal fluids, derived from the granitic intrusions, rhyolitic lavas and magnetite melts. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb dating demonstrate 490-561 million years for the 1^st-generation apatites, 511-543 million years for the 1^st-generation monazites, 503-528 million years for most of the 2^nd-generation monazites, and 112-153 million years for a limited number of 2^nd generation monazites. The different isotopic ages of the apatites and monazites shows their formation during long-term and extensive ore-forming processes during later effects of hydrothermal and magmatic fluids. This has resulted in enrichment of apatites in REE, formation of monazite inclusions along the fractures and on the surface of the apatites.
 
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their appreciation of managers and staff of the Iranian Central Iron Ore Company for their assistance during this research.
 

Keywords

Geochemistry; Mineralization fluid; Choghart magnetite-apatite deposit; Bafq; Central Iran

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