Effect of Tillage Systems, Plant Residue Management and Potassium Fertilizer Application on Yield and some Physiological Characteristics of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 3, Volume 14, Issue 4 - Serial Number 54, December 2023, Pages 633-647   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/agry.2022.20185.0

Authors

Zahra Mir; Ahmad Ghanbari; Mehdi Dahmarde^* ; Mahmood Ramroudi; Mohammad Reza Asghari Pour

Department of Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction
Crop residue management is one of the main pillars of production in agriculture and in the long run plays an important role in increasing or decreasing crop yields. Adequate amount of potassium sulfate fertilizer in the soil modulates the osmotic pressure in the soil. in this way, the plant's ability to withstand drought increases. Due to the fact that sour tea is one of the most important medicinal plants in Sistan, so it needs more study and research. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of tillage systems combined with crop residue management and application of potassium fertilizer on yield and some physiological characteristics of sour tea in Sistan climate.
Materials and Methods
In order to investigate the effect of tillage systems with crop residue management and application of potassium fertilizer on yield and some physiological characteristics of sour tea, an experiment was conducted in the research farm of zabol university agricultural research institute in 2018-2019 as a split plot-factorial in the form of complete block design. randomization was performed in three replications. experimental factors including tillage systems at three levels without tillage, reduction tillage (disc) and conventional tillage (plow + disc) as the main factor and the combination of plant residues at three levels (zero, 30 and 60%) with potassium sulfate fertilizer at three levels (no fertilizer, 75 and 150 kg  ha^-1) were considered as secondary factors. measurements were: economic yield, biological yield, harvest index, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids and protein.  statistical analysis of data was done with SAS software version 9.1 and mean comparison with duncan test was conducted at 5%.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the use of tillage systems and their interaction on the studied characteristics were significant, However, plant residue treatments and their interaction on the studied characteristics except harvest index and anthocyanin were significant, Potassium sulfate treatment and its interaction on the studied properties except harvest index and flavonoids were significant. The highest economic yield of sour tea was equal to 3221.7 kg  ha^-1 in the reduced tillage system with 60% of crop residues and 150 kg  ha^-1 of potassium sulfate and The highest amount of sepal anthocyanin was obtained from conventional tillage treatment and combined use of 30% residues and 75 kg  ha^-1 of potassium sulfate and Conventional tillage and combined use of 30% residues and 75 kg  ha^-1 of potassium sulfate increased chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids. Also, non-tillage and conventional tillage treatments increased the amount of flavonoids and protein at the branches. The results of comparing the means of interaction of tillage systems with crop residue management and application of potassium sulfate show that the highest increase in chlorophyll a and carotenoid content of conventional tillage is + 30% of crop residues and 75 kg  ha^-1 of potassium sulfate And the highest increase in chlorophyll b was the simultaneous use of conventional tillage + 60% of crop residues and 150 kg  ha^-1 of potassium sulfate. the highest amount of protein was related to conventional tillage treatment with zero percent of crop residues and potassium sulfate, the results of comparing the means on the interaction of the treatments showed that the simultaneous application of no-till treatment with zero percent of crop residues and potassium had the best effect on the amount of flavonoids.
 
Conclusion
The results indicate that the effect of tillage systems combined with crop residue management and application of potassium sulfate in increasing quantitative and qualitative characteristics has had the best results. Under conservation tillage, by reducing tillage operations and maintaining a sufficient amount of plant residues in the soil surface, while improving soil structure and increasing water efficiency and nutrient efficiency, that increased quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Despite the dry climate in the country and the limitations and shortages of water and reducing soil fertility on the one hand and increasing environmental pollution on the other hand, the need to use conservation agricultural systems to maintain yield and stability and ultimately stability and balance of environmental factors is necessary it seems.
Acknowledgment
Authors were appreciating of Head the agronomy Laboratory of Zabol University.

Keywords

Anthocyanins; Carotenoids; Chlorophyll; Flavonoids; Protein; Potassium sulfate

References

Abou El-Magd, M.M., Zaki, M.F., and Camilia, Y., 2010. Effect of planting dates and different levels of potassium fertilizers on growth, yield and chemical composition of sweet fennel cultivars under newly reclaimed sandy soil conditions. American Science 6(7): 89-106.

Adeli, A., Neshat, A., Naghavi, H., and Irandoost, M., 2011. Investigation of the effect of application of different amounts of potassium sulfate fertilizer on biological and economic performance of barley. Fifth National Conference on Watershed Management and Land and Water Resources Management. 10 March, Kerman, Iran. (In Persian)

Ahmadi, M., and Bahrani, M.J., 2009. Yield and yield component of rapeseed as influenced by water stress at different growth stage and nitrogen levels. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science (5): 755-761.

Akanbi, W.B., Oaniyn, A.B., Togum, A.O., Ilupeju, A.E.O., and Olairan, O.A., 2009. The effect of organic fertilizer on growth, calyx yield and quality of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Amrican-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agricalture 3(4): 652-657.

Akram, M.S., 2006. Influence of exogenously applied K from different sources on sunflower under salt stress. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Amini, A., Rajaei, M., and Farsi Nejad, K., 2014. The effect of different tillage methods and crop residue management on yield and yield components of wheat. Plant Ecophysiology 6(16): 27-37. (In Persian with English Summary)

Anonymous (C), 2014. Hormozgan Agricultural Jahad Organization, Iran. Available at: www.Sb-agrijahad.ir (In Persian)

Araya, T., Cornelis, W.M., Nyssen, J., Govaerts, B., Getnet, F., Bauer, H., Amare, K., Raes, D., Haile, M., and Deckers, J., 2012. Medium-term effects of conservation agriculture based cropping systems for sustainable soil and water management and crop productivity in the Ethiopian highlands. Field Crops Research 132: 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.009

Arnon, A.N., 1967. Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal 23: 112-121.

Asghari, G., Karimi, A., and Pourmohammad, A.R., 2013. The effect of different effects of tillage planting on soil moisture and safflower efficiency in alternate with dry wheat. Knowledge of Water and Damage 23(1): 237-245.

Aykas, E., and Onal, I., 2004. Effects of different tillage techniques on cotton yield and quality. Asian Journal of Plant Science 3: 403-405. 10.3923/ajps.2004.403.405

Azad Shahraki, F., Naghavi, H., and Najafi Nejad, H., 2010. Effects of tillage systems and wheat residue management on Soil characteristics and yield of maize in Kerman. Journal of Modern Agriculture 8(19): 2-9. (In Persian with English Summary)

Bolie, F., Rubio, R., Rouanet, J.L., Morales, A., and Rojas, C., 2006. Effects of tillage systems on soil characteristics, glomalin and mycorrhizal propagules in achilean ulti Sol. Soil and Tillage Research 8: 253-261.

Bradford, M.M., 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Annal Biochemistery 72: 248-254.

Buman, R.A., Alesi, B.A., Bardley, J.F., Hatfield, J.L., and Karlen, D.L., 2005. Profit and yield of tillage in cotton production system. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 60: 235-242

Busari, M.A., Kukal, S.S., Kaur, A., Bhatt, R., and Dulazi, A.A., 2015. Conservation tillage impacts on soil, crop and the environment. International Soil and Water Conservation Research 3(2): 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.05.002

Cavalaris, C.K., and Gemtos, T.A., 2002. Evaluation of four conservation tillage methods in the sugar beet crop. Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development 4: 1-24.

Chang, C.C, Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M., and Chern, J.C., 2002. Estmation of total flavonoid content in proplis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Food Drug Analysis Journal  10: 178-182.

Chaturvedula, V.S., and Prakash, I., 2011. The aroma, taste, color and bioactive constituents of tea. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5(11): 24-2110.

Cook, R.J., and Hauguland, W.A., 1991. Wheat yield depressing associated with conservation tillage caused by root pathogens in the soil, hot phytotoxins from the straw. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 23: 1125-1133.

Crabtree, R.J., and Rupp, R.N., 1980. Double and mono-cropped wheat and soybeans under different tillage and row spacing. Agronomy Journal (27): 445-448. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1980.00021962007200030009x

Delgado, R., Matin, P., Alamo, M., and Gonzalez, M.R., 2004. Changes in the phenolic composition of grape berries during ripening in relation to vineyard nitrogen and potassium fertilization rates. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture 84: 623-630. 10.1002/jsfa.1685

De Vita, P., Di Paolo, E., Fecondo, G., Di Fonzo, N., and Pisante, M., 2007. No-tillage and conventional tillage effects on durum wheat yield, grain quality and soil moisture content in southern Italy. Soil and Tillage Research 92: 69-78. 10.1016/j.still.2006.01.012

Emam, Y., Kheradnam, M., Bahrani, M.J., Asas, M.T., and Ghadiri, H., 2000. The effect of residus management on the grain yield and its components of winter wheat in continuous irrigated wheat cropping. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science 31: 839-850. (In Persian with English Summary)

Fagbenro, O.A., 2005. Soybean meal substitution with Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seed meal in dry practical diets for fingerlings of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Journal of Animals and Veterinary Advances (4): 473-477.

Faraji, M., and Tarkhani, A., 1999. The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) on essential hypertention. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 65: 231-236.

Ferancis, F.J., 1989. Food colorants: anthocyanin crit rev. Food Science and Nutrition 28(4): 273-314.

Gadermaier, F., Berner, A., Fliebach, A., Friedel, J.K., and Mader, P., 2011. Impact of reduced tillage on soil organic carbon and nutrient budgets under organic farming. Renew Agriculture and Food Systems 1-13.

Ganjali, H., Kamali Deljo, A., and Aziziyan Sherme, A., 2016. Growth characteristics and performance of roselle at different levels nitrogen, phosphor and potassium in Saravan weather conditions. Ecology of Plants 13(1): 29-37. (In Persian with English Summary)

Ghahramanyan, G.R., Ayvazi, A.R., and Noorjo, A., 2010. Effects of tillage systems and wheat residue management on the impact on water, soil physical characteristics, quality and quantity of sugar beet. Journal of Engineering Research Agriculture 11(1): 35-48. (In Persian with English Summary)

Ghanbaryan Alavijeh, H.Z., Chenarbon, H.A., Zand, B., and Hamidi, M., 2014. Effects of different tillage methods on soil physical properties, grain and forage yield of two cultivars maize. Academia Journal of Agricultural Research 2(1): 008-015.

Horvath, E., Szalai, G., and Janda, T., 2007. Induction of Abiotic stress tolerance by salicylic acid signaling. Plant Agronomy 26: 290 -300.

Houdiani Mehr, A., Dahmardeh, M., Khamari, A., and Asgharipour, M.R., 2016. Evaluation of tillage systems on agronomic aspects of mixed cultivation of sour roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) and mung bean (Vigna radiate) in replacement series. Iranian Crop Science 47(2): 265-276.

Ibramhim, R.S., Miko, H., and Altheac, M., 1998. Effect of N.P.K fertilization on the yield of roselle in Glycine max, Glycine soja cross. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 62: 293-298.

Jat, R.A., Wani, S.P., and Sahrawat, K.L., 2012. Conservation agriculture in the semi-arid tropics: Prospects and problems. Advances in Agronomy 117: 191-237.

Katsvairo, T., Cox, W.J., and Van, E.H., 2002. Tillage and rotation effects on soil physical characteristics. Agronomy Journal 94: 299-304. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.2990

Khan, M.G., Silberbush, M., and Lips, S.H., 1995. Physiological studies on salinity and nitrogen interaction in alfalfa plants: III. Nitrate reductase activity. Journal of Plant Nutrition 18: 2495-2500. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904169509365079

Kumar, A., and Singh, A., 2012. Review on (Hibiscus rosa) sinensis. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences 3(2): 533-538.

Kumar, J., Arya, K.C., and Sidduqe, M.Z., 2011. Effect of foliar application of KNO₃ on growth, yield attributes, yield and economics of hirsutum cotton. Journal of Cotton Research Development 25(1): 122-123.

LaI, R., and Bruce, J.P., 1999. The potential of world cropland soils to sequester C and mitigate the greenhouse effect. Environmental Science and Policy 2: 177-185.

Larson, W.E., Pierce, F.J., and Dowdy, R.H., 1983. The threat of soil erosion to long-term. Crop Production Science, 219: 458-465.

Miranda, M., Vega-Gálvez, A., Martinez, E., López, J., Rodríguez, M. J., Henríquez, K., and Fuentes, F., 2012. Genetic diversity and comparison of physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of six quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) genotypes cultivated in Chile. Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 32 (4): 835-843.

Mohammadi, K., Nabi Allahi, K., Aghaalikhani, M., and Khoormali, F., 2009. Study on the effect of different tillage methods on the soil physical properties, yield and yield components of rainfed wheat. Journal of Plant Production 16 (4): 77-91. (In Persian with English Summary)

Montemuro, F., Maiorana, M., Ferri, D., and Convertini, G., 2006. Nitrogen indicators, uptake and utilization efficiency in a maize and barley rotation cropped at different levels and source of N fertilization. Field Crops Research 99: 114-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.04.001

Morrison, M., Mcretty, P., and Scarth, R., 2000. Effect of altering plant density on growth characteristics of summer rape. Can. Journal Plant Science 70: 139-149. https://doi.org/10.04144/cjps90-016

Morton, J.F., 1987. Fruits of Warm Climates. Technology and Engineering, 505 p.

Mukhtar, M.A., 2007. The effect of feeding Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seed on broiler chick`s performance. Research Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 2(13): 21-23.

Nguyen, P.M., Kwee, E.M., and Niemeyer, E.D., 2010. Potassium rate alters the antioxidant capacity and phenolic concenteration of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Leaves. Food Chemistry 123: 1235-1241.

Pahlavan, M., Forghani, A., and Kiekha, A., 2006. Preparation of Sistan plain partiality numerical map annual. Final Project Report, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Sistan: Zabol, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)

Parsa Motlagh, B., Rezvani Moghadam, P., Ghorbani, R., and Azami Sardooei, Z., 2016. Studying of ecophysiological, morphological, phytochemical, nutritional and agronomical aspects of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) as a medicinal plant in Jiroft area. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. 36 p. (In Persian with English Summary)

Perry, L.M., 1980. Medicinal plants of east and Southeast Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses. MIT Press, Cambridge, 620 p.

Piggin, C., Haddad, A., and Khalil, Y., 2011. Development and promotion of zero tillage in Iraq and Syria. 5^thWorld Congress of Conservation Agriculture incorporating 3^rd Farming Systems Design Conference, September 2011 Brisbane, Australia. www.wcca2011.org.

Prtokhazemi, A., Delkhosh, B., and Mohseni, M., 2011. Effect of different tillage methods and plant density on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of varieties of corn. Journal of Plants and Ecosystems 33(8): 105-115. (In Persian)

Pushpa, D., Aggarwal, A., and Gupta, S.R., 2014. Carbon, accumulation, nitrogen uptake and mycorrhizal root colonization in a tropical rice-wheat system in Northern India. India Journal Science 11: 21-31.

Rashki, P., and Piri, H., 2021. The effect of different levels of potassium fertilizer and irrigation water on physiological characteristics and yield of sour roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.). Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage 14(6): 2136-2147.

Sabeghi Nejad, F., Dahmardeh, M., Asgharipour, M.R., Khamari, A., and Nezami, Z., 2019. Evaluation of the effect of tillage systems on crop rotations of late cultivation of sour roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.). Agricultural Ecology 11(3): 1085-1104.

Safari, A., Asoder, M., Ghaseminejad, M., and Ebdali Mashhadi, A., 2013. The effect of redidus, various methods of tillage system and pon soil characteristics and yield of wheat. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge Sustainable Production 23(2): 50-59. (In Persian with English Summary)

Sakinejad, T., 2003. Study of effect of water deficit on the trend of uptake of N, P, K and Na at different growth stages considering the morphological and physiological traits of maize in Ahvaz climate. Ph.D. Thesis on Crop Physiology, Science and Research Branch, Ahvaz, Iran. pp. 288. (In Persian with English Summary)

Sathishkumar, T., Baskar, R., Shanmugam, S., Rajasekaran, P., Sadasivam, S., and Manikandan, V., 2008. Optimization of flavonoids extraction from the leaves of Tabernaemontana heyneana wall using L16 orthogonal design. Nature and Science 6(3): 10-21.

Thrugnanavel, A., Amutha, R., Baby Rani, W., Indira, K., Mareeswari, P., Muthulaksmi, S., and Parthiban, S., 2007. Studies regulation of flowering in acid lime (Citrus aurantifoila swingle.). Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 3(4): 239-241.

Wagner, G.J., 1979. Content and vacuole/extra vacuole distribution of neutralsugars, free amino acids and anthocyanins in protoplasts. Plant Physiology 64: 88-93.

Wozniak, A., Wesolowski, M., Soroka, M., 2015. Effect of long-term reduced tillage on grain yield, grain quality and weed infestation of spring wheat. Journal of Agriculture Science and Technology 17: 899-908.

Yalcin, I., Unay, A., and Ucucu, R., 2004. Effects of reduced tillage and planting systems on seed cotton yield and quality. Turk. J. Agric. For. 29: 401-407.

Zakeri, H., and Kazemi, N., 2006. Tillage systems in sustainable agriculture (Translation). University of Ilam Press, Iran. 243 p. (In Persian)