The effect of cultivar and planting date on density and damage of chickpea leaf-miner (Liriomyza congesta Becker) in the Oshnavia region, West Azarbaijan province, Iran

پژوهش‌های حبوبات ایران

Volume 12, Issue 2 - Serial Number 24, December 2021, Pages 165-182   

Document Type: Original Article

DOI: 10.22067/ijpr.v12i2.2102-1002

Authors

Najmuddin Abbasi; Akbar Ghassemi-Kahrizeh^* ; Abbas Hosseinzadeh

Department of Plant Protection, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important plants in the legume family, which is very important in the diet. Chickpea leaf-miner, (Liriomyza congesta, Becker) is one of the most important chickpea pests. Chickpea leaf-miner fly indirectly reduces the yield of chickpea by feeding on chickpea leaves. The amount of damage of chickpea leaf miner is not completely known due to its indirectness. Chickpea leaf miner fly has 3-4 generations per year and spends the winter as a pupa at a depth of 5-6 cm in the soil. The management of the leaf miner flies of the Agromyzidae family has been the subject of extensive scientific research for many years. Many chemical and botanical insecticides have been studied to control of leaf miner flies and are now widely used by farmers around the world. Today, the indiscriminate use of pesticides has created many problems and their effectiveness has been severely reduced due to improper use, adverse effects on natural enemies, and the development of resistance among populations of leaf miner flies. Management control is one of the most effective and simple methods used in integrated pest management. In this control method, by changing the planting date, planting density and using resistant cultivars, the compatibility of pest biology with plant phenology is disturbed and the establishment of the pest on the host plant is prevented. Changing the planting date causes no synchronization between the critical growth stage of the plant and the damaging stage of the pest and it delays the establishment of the pest on the plant, also reduces the reproduction and survival of the pest and the damage of the pest on the sensitive growth stage of the plant. Considering that the cultivation of chickpeas in the drylands of the south of West Azerbaijan province after wheat is of great importance, attention to its important pests, especially leaf miner fly and non-chemical methods to control this pest by changing the cultivars and planting times was one of the necessities of this research.
 
 
Materials and Methods
In order to study the effect of cultivar and planting date on control of chickpea leaf-miner, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Oshnavia, west Azarbaijan province at the field conditions during 2018-2019. The first factor was chickpea cultivars including Bionij, Grit, Jam, ILC482 and Pirouz, and the second factor was three planting times on March 19, April 4 and April 20. Traits of plant infestation, number of larvae per plant, leaves infestation, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, biological yield and grain yield were evaluated. The data analysis of variance was performed using SAS 9.2 software. Means were also compared by LSD (Last Significant Difference) test at 5% probability level and the figures were drawn with Excel 2013.
 
Results and Discussion          
 Analysis of variances showed that there were significant differences between different cultivars (p<0.05) and different planting times (p<0.01) for all studied traits. Interaction of cultivar and planting time were significant on all studied traits other than the number of infested plants and percent of infested plants (p<0.05). The highest number of infested plants (17.77±1.84%), number of larvae per plants (4.66±0.38 larvae), percentage of infested leaves (11±0.58%) and the lowest number of seeds per plant (20±0.58 seeds) and 100 seed weight (16.66±0.88 g) were found in Jam cultivar. The highest number of pods per plant (19.66±2.19 pods), number of seeds per plant (26±1.53 seeds), 100 seed weight (33±1.30 g), biological yield (2547.3±158.57 kg.ha^-1) and grain yield (1397.4±46.76 kg.ha^-1) and the lowest percentage of infested plants (7.4±0.61%) was observed in ILC428 cultivar.
 
Conclusion
In the present study, March 19 was the best planting time and ILC482 was the most resistant and high yielding cultivar. Therefore, setting the planting time and using resistant cultivars can effectively control leaf-miner chickpea. According to the results of the present study, although the highest percentage of infested leaves was observed on March 19, however, the plant had the highest yield and yield components due to the increase in the length of the growth period and the compensatory mechanism of the plant and pest tolerance.

Keywords

Chickpea leaf-miner; Cultivar; Grain yield; Resistance

References

1. 1. , C.R., and Shekharappa, N. 2017. Incidence of sucking pest complex and leaf miner at different sowing dates in pea (Pisum sativum L.). The Bioscan 12(1): 189-192.
   2. Barros, F.C., Carvalho, M., and Basch, G. 2004. Response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) to sowing date and plant density under Mediterranean conditions. European Journal of Agronomy 21(3): 347-356.
   3. Bijjur, S., and Verma, S. 1995. Effect of abiotic factors on the pest of pea and natural enemies. Indian Journal of Entomology 57(3): 233-239.
   4. Capinera, J.L. 2001. Handbook of Vegetable Pests. Academic Press, pp. 197-205.
   5. Datta, S.K. 2004. Rice Biotechnology: A need for developing countries. The Journal of Agrobiotechnology Management and Economics 7(1&2): 31-35.
   6. El Bouhssini, M., Mardini,, Malhotra, R.S., Joubi, A., and Kagka, N. 2008. Effects of planting date, varieties and insecticides on chickpea leaf miner (Liriomyza cicerina R.) infestation and the parasitoid Opius monilicornis F. Crop Protection 27(6): 915-919.
   7. Evans, J., O'Connor, G.E., Turner, G.L., Coventry, D.R., Fettell, N., Mahoney, J., Armsrong, E.L., and Walsgott, D.N. 1989. N₂ fixation and it value to soil N increase in lupin, field pea and other legumes in southeastern Australia. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 40: 791-805.
   8. Farnia, A., and Moradi, S. 2015. Investigation of the reaction of rainfed chickpea cultivars to planting time in Kermanshah. Journal of Apllied Research of Plant Ecophysiology 2(1): 47-64. (In Persian with English Summary).
   9. Fallah, S., Ehsanzadeh, P., and Daneshvar, M. 2005. Grain yield and yield components in three chickpea genotypes under dryland conditions with and without supplementary irrigation at different plant densities in Khorram-Abad, Lorestan. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science 36(3): 719-731. (In Persian with English Summary).
   10. Fazeli, M.J., and Honarparvaran, M.A. 1995. Investigation of the biology of chickpea leaf-miner, Liriomyza congesta and the effect of planting dates on its control. 12^th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Karaj. (In Persian with English Summary).
   11. Kang, L., Cheng, B., Wei, J.N., and Xian, L.T. 2009. Roles of thermal adaptation and chemical ecology in Liriomyza distribution and control. Annual Review of Entomology 54: 127-145.
   12. Khan, A., Ali Khan, I., and Habib, K. 2015. Response of pea varieties to insect pests in Peshawar. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 3(3): 403-407.
   13. Kobrai, S., Shams, K., and Pazoki, A. 2010. Effect of cultivar and sowing date on grain yield and quantitative traits in chickpea ( Cicer arietinum). Journal of Agriculture and Plant Breeding 6(2): 53-64. (In Persian with English Summary).
   14. Krouma, A. 2010. Plant water relations and photosynthetic activity in three Tunisian chickpea (Cicer arietinum ) genotypes subjected to drought. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 34: 257-264.
   15. Leibee, G.L. 1984. Influence of temperature on development and fecundity of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on celery. Environmental Entomology 13: 497-501.
   16. Majnoun Hosseini, N., and Hamzeii, R. 2011. Effect of winter and spring planting time on yield and yield components of chickpea at dry land conditions. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 1(2): 59-68. (In Persian with English Summary).
   17. Malazadeh, H., Ghassemi-Kahrizeh, A., and Hossein Zadeh, A. 2020. Study on the effect of cultivar and planting time on density and damage of chickpea pod borer, Heliothis viriplaca Hufnagel (Lep.: Noctuidae) in the Bukan region, West Azerbaijan province. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 51(2): 209-220. (In Persian with English Summary).
   18. Mousavi, S.K., and Ahmadi, A. 2009. Response of weed society and their interference with sowing date on lens cultivars in Khoramabad dryland condition. Electronic Journal of Plant Production 2: 111-128. (In Persian with English Summary).
   19. Mousavi, S.K., Pezeshkpoor, P., and Shahverdi, M. 2005. Evaluation of the effect of planting date and dryland chickpea cultivar on weed interference. The First National Conference on Beans. Mashhad, 19 and 20 November.
   20. Mousavi, S.K., and Pezeshkpoor, P. 2006. Evaluation of Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cultivars response to sowing date. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 4(1): 141-154. (In Persian with English Summary).
   21. Murphy, S.T., and Lasalle, J. 1999. Balancing biological control strategies in the IPM of new world invasive Liriomyza leaf miners in field vegetable crops. Biocontrol News and Information 20: 91-104.
   22. Nematollahi, M.R., Jalali, S., and Farhadi, A. 2007. Effect of planting date and polyethylene mulches in low tunnel culture of cucumber on vegetable leafminer (Liriomyza sativae) and downy mildew (Pesudoperonospora cubensis) in Esfahan. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 77: 49-54.
   23. Nouri, P., and Shahryari, D. 1985. Pests, Diseases and Weeds of Food Legumes in Iran. Pests and Diseases Research Institute. 78 p.
   24. Pachepsky, Y., Rawls, W.J. 2004. Development of Pedotransfer Functions in Soil H Developments in Soil Science, 30. Elsevier: Amsterdam.
   25. Palumbo, J.C. 1995. Developmental rate of Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on lettuce as a function of temperature. Southwestern Entomology 20: 461-465.
   26. Parrella, M.P. 1987. Biology of Liriomyza. Annual Review of Entomology 32: 201-224.
   27. Parsa, M., and Bagheri, A. 2008. Beans. Jihad Daneshgahi Mashhad, Iran.
   28. Parvin, S., Abdul Latif, M., and Ali, M. 2017. Host preference and infestation intensity of vegetable leaf miner, Liriomyza MSc. Thesis. Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka.
   29. Poma, I., Sarno, R., Noto, F., and Zora, D. 1990. Effects of sowing date on yield and quality characteristics of chickpea. Informatore-Agraio 46(40): 53-
   30. Pedigo, L.P. 2002. Entomology and Pest M Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
   31. Ranjbar, M., and Shams, G. 2009. Applications of nanotechnology. Green Environment (Sabz Zist) 2(3): 28-30.
   32. Rezvani Moghadam, P., and Sadeghi Samarjan, R. 2008. Effect of sowingdates and different irrigation regimes onmorphological characteristics and grain yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) (cultivar ILC 3279). Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research 6(2): 315-325. (In Persian with English Summary).
   33. Sadeghipour, O., and Aghaei, P. 2012. Comparison of autumn and spring sowing on performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum ) varieties. International Journal of Biosciences 2: 49-58.
   34. Saeed, M., Naz, F., Ahmed, S., and Aaqeel, M. 2003. Studies on level of infestation of pea leaf miner Chromatomyia horticola Goureau (Agromyzidae: Diptera) on pea crop in selected areas of NWFP, Pakistan. Pakistan Entomology 25(2): 227-230.
   35. Sen, A., and V.K. Sehgal, 1995. Resist ance in peas, Pisum sativum against pea leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola Goureau (Diptera: Agromyzidae): biology, feeding and ovipositional preferences. Insect Science and Its Application 14(2): 185-191.
   36. Sharma, H.C., Rajeev, V., Gaur, P.M., and Gowda, C.L.L. 2008. Potential for using morphological, biochemical and molecular markers for resistance to insect-pests in grain legumes. Journal of Food Legumes 21: 211-217.
   37. Singh, H., and L. Saravanan. 2008. Seasonal incidence and management of pea leaf miner Phytomyza horticola Goureau infesting pea. International Journal of Plant Protection 1(2): 33-37.
   38. Smith, C.M. 2005. Plant Resistance to Arthropods. Springer Publishers, Netherlands, 423 p.
   39. Sohi, A.S., Mann, H.S., Singh, J., Singh, B., and Dhaliwal, C.S. 1994. Attack of serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii Burgess (Agromyzidae: Diptera) on cotton in Punjab-a new record. Journal of Insect Science 7:
   40. Toker, C., Canci, H., and Siddique, K.H.M. 2010. Nutrient disorders. In: W. Chen, H.C. Sharma and F.J. Muehlbauer (Eds.). Compendium of Chickpea and Lentil Diseases and P APS Press, Minnesota, p. 126-131.
   41. Vaghar, M., Nourmohammadi, G., Shams, K., Pezeki, A., and Kobraee, S. 2008. Study on effect of sowing date on physiological indices of dryland chickpea cultivars in Kermanshah. Journal of Plant and Bioecology 20: 104-114.
   42. Vishwanath R., and Agarwal, R.A. 1982. Hand Book on Insect Pests of Crops and their C Bharti publications, Delhi.
   43. Zahiri, B., Moharramipour, S., Talebi A.A., and Fathipour. Y. 2003. Antixenosis resistance of bean varieties to leaf miner Liriomyza sativae ( Dip.: Agromyzidae) in growth chamber. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 23(2): 59-75. (In Persian with English Summary).