Analysis of the Factors Affecting Border Outpost Location Using Fuzzy Inference System (Case Study: Border Area between Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran, and Afghanistan)

پژوهش ‎های جغرافیای سیاسی

Article 3, Volume 7, Issue 3 - Serial Number 27, October 2022, Pages 51-77   

Document Type: مقالات علمی -پژوهشی

DOI: 10.22067/pg.2022.70106.1042

Authors

Malihe Akhbari¹; seyed hadi zarghani^{* 2}; Masoud Minaei³

¹M.A. in Political Geography, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

²Associate Professor of Political Geography, Department of Geography, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

³Associate Professor of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Border security refers to prevention of any act against the law along official borderlines of a particular state and regulation of the trans-border passage of individuals, goods, and domestic animals through legally allowed border crossings while carefully observing legal rules and obligations. Every nation tries its best to keep the borders totally blocked except for particular border crossings where trans-border passage has been allowed upon previous agreements. Many factors affect border security of a country. The plans and policies adopted by countries to appropriately and effectively control their borders are among the most important factors contributing to security performance along the borders. In this respect, careful locating of police stations and border outposts impose large contributions to efficiently control and management of borders and the establishment of security along the borderlines and within the border area. The present study aims at investigating and analyzing the factors affecting border outpost location with the help of remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) software tools. In order to extract, examine and analyze the required information, images taken by the OLI sensor on Landsat satellite in 2018 were loaded with ENVI 5.3 software where remote sensing and GIS techniques as well as fuzzy inference system and analytic hierarchical process (AHP) were utilized. Finally, output map was classified into three classes, namely suitable, moderate, and unsuitable land uses. It should be noted that the analyses were performed using 13 criteria, namely land use, slope, border right-of-way, territory of existing outposts, right-of-way of protected zones, road access, territories of cities and villages, power transmission lines, watersheds, water channels, railways, and faults.

Keywords

Border Security; Checkpoint; Remote Sensing; Geographical Information System; RS & GIS

References

1. Agha Taher, R., Fallah Zazouli, M., Zarafshar, M., & Jafari, M., (2015). Presenting a zoning map of defense-prone centers in forest areas based on AHP and GIS, casestudy: Aliabad Katul, Golestan Province. Sepehr Geographic Information Quarterly, 24(95), 81-92. [In Persian]
2. Bahramabadi, B., (2009). The impact of geomorphology on operations and military objectives in Mesila area of Qom plain. Master's thesis in Natural Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran. [In Persian]
3. Ebadinejad, S.A., & BahramAbadi, B., (2016). Locating border checkpoints and determining areas prone to infiltration using fuzzy inference system and GIS (Study case: Nehbandan border area). Military Management Quarterly, 16(3), 63-92. [In Persian]
4. Hanafi, A., Hatami, I., (2013). Locating favorable areas for the deployment of military forces in Mehran border region using GIS. Quarterly of Military Management, 13(49), 107-128. [In Persian]
5. Karimi, M., & Vafaei, A.A., (2013). Securing with sustainable development in border areas (case study, Marivan city). Urban Research and Planning Journal, 4(15), 112-95. [In Persian]
6. Khatabi, G.H., (1995). Marzbani. Iran, Tehran: University of Police Sciences Press. [In Persian]
7. Mahmoud Baboyi, O., & Mahmoud Baboyi, B., (2013). Locating analysis in defense and passive defense. International E-Conference on Economy under sanctions. [In Persian]
8. Moghimi, I., Yamani, M., Bigelow, J., Moradiyan, M., & Fakhri, S., (2012). The impact of South Zagros geomorphology on passive defense in the north of the Strait of Hormuz (with emphasis on the locating of centers of population). Quarterly of Military Management, 12(48), 112-77. [In Persian]
9. Mohammad Hosseini, M., & Alipour, A., (2012). Security Threat Assessment in Southeast Iran (with emphasis on border security).20(78), 165-195. [In Persian]
10. Mousosi, N., & Khalilpour, I., (2009). Locating the intercity passenger terminal with an emphasis on natural environment parameters (climate, hydrology, and topography), case study of the city of Tasuj. Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, 10(13), 15-28. [In Persian]
11. Nasiri, M.R., (2009). Presentation of the locating model of critical and sensitive centers according to the principles of passive defense. Industrial Engineering Master's Thesis, University of Science and Technology, Tehran. [In Persian]
12. Pishgahi Fard, Z., Ahmadi Dehka, F., (2010). Assessment of national security threats in the borders of the northern regions of Iran. Quarterly Journal of Environmental based Territorial Planning, 3(9), 53-77. [In Persian]
13. Rahnama, M.R., & Aghajani, H., (2011). Spatial planning of Khorasan Razavi Province. Iran, Mashhad: Academic Jihad Publications.
14. Raissadat, S.H., Naseri, A., & Motalebipour, R., (2015). Affecting geopolitical factors on the border security of Khorasan in historical periods. Journal of Southern Khorasan Disciplinary Knowledge, 4(1), 72-88. [In Persian]
15. Sarwar, R., &Yahyapour, I., (2014). Optimal locating of multi-storey parking lots based on hierarchical analysis model and Boolean logic (case study: District 15 of Tehran Municipality). Quarterly Journal of Geographic Information (Sepehr), 23(90), 80-88. [In Persian]
16. Shamsodini, A., & Dehfani, K., (2014). Optimum locating of focal villages using Tppsis decision making model (Case study: Doshmen Ziyari-Mamsani city). Rural Development Strategies Quarterly, 1(3), 63-79. [In Persian]
17. Walt, S.M., (1994). Alliance Formation and The Balance of World Power. Michael E.Brown, eds. In The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and International Security. London: MIT Press.
18. Zarghani, S.H., (2019). An introduction to the sustainable security of the border and border regions. Iran, Tehran: Geopolitical Association of Iran. [In Persian]
19. Zarghani, S.H., Azami, H., &Lotfi, A., (2013). Examining the methods and policies of border management and its role in border security, case study: Iran's eastern borders (Khorasan-Razavi-Afghanistan). Journal of Geography and Regional Development, 20(1-2), 108-83. [In Persian]
20. Zarghani, S.H., Azami, H., (2011). Analysis of military-security considerations in the planning and locating of military centers and bases with an emphasis on Khorasan Razavi province. The Journal of Spatial Planning, 15(2), 142-161. [In Persian]