Effect of Planting Date and Plant Density on Growth Characteristics and Yield Components of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) in Birjand Region

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 1, Volume 17, Issue 2 - Serial Number 64, June 2025, Pages 181-200   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/agry.2022.77801.1120

Authors

Abbas Nakhaei; Reza Baradaran^*

Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
The growing global population, coupled with the scarcity and limitations of food resources, has prompted researchers and agricultural professionals to seek more effective solutions for feeding millions of people, particularly in developing countries. Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) is an annual legume known for its tolerance to salinity and drought, making it a promising alternative crop for low-water plains. Determining the appropriate planting date and optimal plant density are crucial factors that contribute to the efficient use of environmental resources and achieving high yields.
 
Materials and Methods
This experiment was performed in the form of split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 1398 in Mohammadieh Agricultural Research Station, Birjand. Experimental factors include planting date in four levels (May 10, June 10, June 25 and July 10) as main plots and plant density in three levels (distances of 10, 20 and 30 cm between plants in a row) as plots Guar cultivar was a Pakistani mass that was prepared from Pakan Bazar Isfahan Company. For planting, the land was plotted after preparation so that each plot consists of 4 ridges 60 cm wide and 3 m long, and on each row of two rows was planted manually at a depth of five centimeters, and irrigation was carried out immediately. After reaching the final height of Guar plant and physiological maturity before final harvest, taking into account the marginal effect of five plants from each plot, they were randomly selected and the characteristics of plant height, number of sub-branches per plant, pod length, number of pods per plant, number pods per plant, 1000-seed weight, initial plant weight, plant weight without pods and pod weight were measured. The number of pods per square meter, plant yield, and biological yield were calculated after removing the marginal effects based on plants harvested from one square meter in the middle of each plot. Data were analyzed using SAS software (V9.1) and comparisons of means were performed by Duncan method at 5% level and graphs were drawn with Excel.
Results and Discussion
One of the most important fields of research on legumes is the study of different environmental conditions affecting their quantitative (biological) yield and economic performance. Therefore, studying and obtaining the best growing environment conditions that can lead to crop production with the highest economic yield is one of the most important goals in research related to the cultivation of legumes. The results of the present study showed that seed yield and its components were affected by planting date and with delay in planting, the amount of studied traits was significantly reduced, so that this decrease was more in the planting date of 10 July because the planting date late exposure of guava plants to adverse conditions such as lower temperature, more humidity and less day length at the end of the growing season and causes a decrease in grain yield. Also, in this experiment, planting density levels on the studied traits were significant, and according to the results of the experiment, it can be stated that with increasing plant density, the distribution of sources such as light, nutrients, and moisture between plants was more favorable. It led to an increase in grain yield and biological yield per unit area, so that the highest grain yield and biological yield were obtained at the highest density (10 cm distance between plants per row). Therefore, planting at higher plant densities will probably be economically justified.
 
Conclusions
Based on this research, it can be concluded that planting guar in early June with a spacing of 10 cm between plants yields the highest productivity and optimal crop components.
 







 




 

Keywords

Legumes; biological yield; grain yield; planting time; plant spacing

References

1. Akhtar, L.H., Bukhari, S., Salah-ud-Din, S., & Minhas, R. (2012). Response of new guar strains to various row spacings. Pakistan Journal Agriculture Science, 49(4), 469-471.
2. Al-Ramamneh, E. (2009). Plant growth strategies of Thymus vulgaris in response to population density. Industrial Crops and Products, 30(3), 389-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.07.008
3. Ashraf, M., & Foolad, R.M. (2005). Pre-sowing seed treatment-a shotgun approach to improve germination, plant growth and crop yield under saline and non-saline conditions. Advances in Agronomy, 88, 223-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2113(05)88006-x
4. Chiofalo, B., Lo Presti, V., D’Agata, A., Raso, R., Ceravolo, G., & Gresta, F. (2018). Qualitative profile of degummed guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) seeds grown in a Mediterranean area for use as animal feed. Journal Animal Physiology. Animal Nutrition, 102, 260–267. https://doi.org/10.111/jpn.12687
5. Dan, X., & Wong, J.H. (2016). A hemagglutinin isolated from Northeast China black beans induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cell. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) Molecular Cell Research, 1863(9), 2201-2211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.019
6. Deka, K.K., Das Milu, R., Bora, P., & Mazumder, N. (2015). Effect of sowing dates and spacing on growth and cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) in subtropical climate of Assam. Indian Journal Agriculture Research, 49(3), 250-254. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-058x.2015.00039.6
7. Eldirany, A.A., Mohamed-Nour, A.A., Khadir, K.E., Gadeen, K.A., & Ibrahim, M.A. (2015). Physicochemical and functional properties of four new genotypes of guar gum (Cyamopsis tetregonoloba ). American Journal of Food Science and Health, 1(2), 43-50.
8. Farajie, A. (2006). The effect of planting date on yield and grain yield and oil components of four rapeseed genotypes in the Gombad. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 7(3), 189-201. (In Persian with English abstract)
9. Gresta, F., Sortino, O., Santonoceto, C., Issi, L., Santonoceto, C., & Santonoceto, Y.M. (2013). Effects of sowing times on seed yield, protein and galactomannans content of four varieties of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ) in a Mediterranean environment. Industrial Crops and Products,41, 46–52.
10. Heydarzadeh, M., Ehteshami, S.M.R., & Rabiee, M. (2020). Effect of planting date and plant density on qualitative characteristics, yield and yield components of guar in Guilan province. Plant Process and Function, 39(9), 197-214. (In Persian with English abstract)
11. Jagtap, D.N., Waghule, L.D., & Bhale, V.M. (2011). Effect of sowing time, row spacing and seed rate on production potential of cluster bean. Advnace Research Journal of Crop Improvement, 2(1), 27-30.
12. Kebraie, S., Shams, K., & Pazoki, A.R. (2010). Effect of cultivar and planting date on grain yield and quantitative traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Journal of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, 2(6), 53-64. (In Persian with English abstract)
13. Khademhamzeh, H.R., Karimie, M., & Rezaie, A. (2004). Effect of plant density and planting date on agronomic characteristics, yield and yield components in soybean. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science, 35(2). (In Persian with English abstract)
14. Khajepoor, M.R. (2009). Principles and Bases of Agriculture (Third edition). Publication by University Jahad of Isfahan, Iran. p. 654.
15. Koocheki, A., Rashed Mohassel, M.H., Nassiri, M., & Sadr Abadi, R. (1995). (Translators) Physiological Basis of Crop Growth and Development. Imam Reza University Publication, Mashhad-Iran. p. 404. (In Persian)
16. Lakshmi Kalyani, D. (2012). Performance of cluster bean genotypes under varied time of sowing. Agricultural Research. Legume Research, 35(2), 154-158.
17. Lio, W., Tollenaar, M., Stewart, G., & Deen, W. (2004). Response of corn grain yield to spatial and temporal variability in emergence. Crop science, 44(3), 847-854. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.8470
18. Lone, B.A., Hasan, B., Singh, A., Haq, S.A., & Sofi, N.R. (2009). Effects of seed rate, row spacing and fertility levels on yield attributes and yield of soybean under temperate conditions. ARPN. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 4(2), 19-25.
19. Majnoun Hosseini, N. (2008). Grain legume production (in Iran), (4^th). Jehad Daneshgahi Publisher, Tehran, Iran. pp. 294.
20. Masoudikia, M., & Azizi, K. (2008). The effect of cultivation date and plant density on yield, yield components and protein content of red bean cultivars. Daneshvar Journal of Crop Sciences, 1(2), 1-14. (In Persian)
21. Meftahizade, H., Ghorbanpourb, M., & Asarehc, M.H. (2019). Changes in phenological attributes; yield and phytochemical compositions of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) landaraces under various irrigation regimes and planting dates. Science Horticulture, 256, 108577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108577
22. Meftahizade, H., Hamidoghli, Y., Assareh, M.H., & Jaanmard Dakheli, M. (2017). Effect of sowing date and irrigation regimes on yield components, protein and galactomannan content of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ) in Iran climate. Australian Journal Crop Science, 11(11), 1481-1487.
23. Mehdipour Afra, M., Agha Alikhani, M., Soofizadeh, S., & Mokhtasi Bidgoli, A. (2019). Effect of sowing time and plant density on growth and seed yield of two guar ecotypes (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 21(2), 109-126. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.29252/abj.21.2.109
24. Mousavi, K., & Pezeshkpur, P. (2006). Evaluation of kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cultivars response to sowing date. Journal of Iranian Field Crop Research, 4, 141-154. (In Persian with English abstract)
25. Nakhzari Moghadam, A. (2013). Effect of pruning and plant density on yield and its components in Barakat beans (Vicia faba) cultivar in Gonbad Kavous region. Iranian Journal of Crop Science, 44(4), 710-720. (In Persian with English abstract)
26. Nandini, K.M., Sridhara, S., Patil, S., & Kumar, K. (2017). Effect of planting density and different genotypes on growth, yield and quality of guar. International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience, 5(1), 320-328. https://doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2499
27. Rahman, M.M. (1992). Growth analysis of chickpea genotypes in relation to grain filling period and yield potential in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 21(2), 225-231.
28. Regan, K.L., Siddique, K.H., & Martin, L.D. (2003). Response of Kabuli chickpea to sowing rate in Mediterranean type environments of southwestern Australian. Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 43, 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1071/ea01200
29. Rifaee, M., Turk., M.A., & Tawaha, A.R. (2004). Effect of seed size and plant population density on yield and yield components of local faba bean (Vicia faba ). Int. Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6(2), 294-299. https://doi.org/10.7176/jnsr/9-5-07
30. Sahile, S., Ahmed, S., Fininsa, C., Abang, M.M., & Sakhuja, P.K. (2008). Survey of chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) disease of faba bean (Vicia faba) and assessment of factors influencing disease epidemics in northern Ethiopia. Crop Protection, 27, 1457-1463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2008.07.011
31. Scott, R.K., & Jaggard, K.W. (2006). Impact of weather, agronomy and breeding on yields of sugar beet grown in UKsince 1970. Agriculture Science, 134, 341-352. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699007832
32. Sharar, M.S., Ayub, M., Ather Nadeem, M., & Noori, S.A. (2001). Effect of different row spacing and seeding densities on the growth and yield of gram (Cicer arieunum ). Pakistan Journal of Agriculture Science, 38, 51-53.
33. Sharifi, P., Niknami, F., & Sadeghi, S.M. (2016). Effect of plant density and planting date on yield and yield components of faba bean. Journal of Agronmy and Plant Breeding, 12(1), 83-95. (In Persian with English abstract)
34. Shojaee Ghadicollaei, M., Daneshian, J., Mobaser, H.R., & Nasiri, M. (2011). Affects different levels of nitrogen and plant density in canola (Brassica napus ) yield in paddy field. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 6(4), 37-47. (In Persian with English abstract)
35. Siddaraju, R., Narayanaswamy, S., & Prasad, S.R. (2010). Studies on growth, seed yield and yield attributes as influenced by varieties and row spacings in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) Mysore. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 44, 16-21.
36. Singh, S. (2014). An Analysis of Guar Crop in India. Gain Report Number: IN4035.
37. Singla, S., Grover, K., Angadi, S.V., Begna, S., Schutte, B., & Leeuwen, S.V. (2016). Growth and yield of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ) genotypes under different planting dates in the semi-arid southern high plains. American Journal Plant Science,7, 1246-1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2016.78120
38. Sudhir, S., Grover, K., Angadi, S., Schutte, B., Vanleeuwen, D., & Auld, D. (2015). Growth and seed yield performance of promising guar genotypes under different planting dates in desert southwest. 27^thAnnual Meeting Association for the Advancement of Industrial Crops. October 18-22, Overton Hotel and Conference Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA.s
39. Turk, M.A., & Tawaha, A.R.M. (2002). Impact of seeding rate, seeding date, rate and method of phosphorus application in faba bean (Vicia faba minor) in the absence of moisture stress. Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment, 6(3), 171–178. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-005
40. Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Birjand, Iran. https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=90804&cityname=Birjand%2C+Khorasan-e+Jonubi%2C+Iran&units=.