The Mental Typology of Women Regarding Barriers to Their Presence in Stadiums as Spectators Using the Q Method

علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

Article 6, Volume 19, Issue 3 - Serial Number 41, September 2022, Pages 200-171   

Document Type: Research

DOI: 10.22067/social.2023.79708.1261

Authors

Hadi Razeghi Maleh^{* 1}; Mohammad Ganji²; Seyedeh Sabah Motevalian¹

¹PhD Candidate in Sociology, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran

²Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran

Abstract

The main purpose of this study was to identify mental models and patterns regarding the presence of women in stadiums as spectators. To this end, the Q method was used. To develop a Q discourse, six experts of sport sociology, social issues, and the sociology of women and gender were interviewed. Moreover, 16 women interested in their presence in stadiums were also interviewed. Then, documents and additional information regarding issues related to the research were investigated. After setting the Q cards in order to sort them, 115 ladies interested in their presence in stadiums were selected using purposeful sampling. The participants were asked to show their agreement or disagreement by arranging the 51 sentences, the rewrite, and the category in the form of a Q chart on an eleven-degree range. The results of the Q-factor analysis showed that the participants’ mental typologies regarding barriers to the presence of women in stadiums as spectators were grouped into five categories. In other words, there were five perspectives or mental patterns about the barriers to female presence in the stadiums, including social barriers, political barriers, structural barriers, religious and cultural barriers, and gender barriers in Iran.

Keywords

Mental Typology; Barriers to the Presence of Women in Stadiums; Sociology of Sport; Q Method; Subjectivity

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