Analysis of the Representation of the Turn-taking System in the Dialogues of PARFA

زبانشناسی و گویش های خراسان

Volume 14, Issue 4 - Serial Number 29, March 2023, Pages 197-227   

Document Type: Original Article

DOI: 10.22067/jlkd.2023.79012.1128

Authors

Shiva Ahmadi^{* 1}; Mohammad Bagher Mirzaei Hesarian²

¹PhD Student&Persian Lecturer, Department of Linguistics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

²Assistant Professor of Teaching Persian to speakers of other languages, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran

Abstract

Conversation analysis is one of the important areas in linguistics that investigates real conversations and examines them from different aspects; One of the important topics in conversational analysis is turn taking, which determines who and when with what linguistic and non-verbal cues to give or receive a turn. The aim of the current study is to analyze the representation of the turn-taking system in the dialogues of the PARFA collection with descriptive-analytical method. 11 techniques proposed by Sacks et al. (1974) and Jefferson (1973) were used for data analysis. The review of 98 conversations in the three volume of PARFA showed that in 75% of the turn-taking cases, the speaker decided to give up his turn and in the remaining 25%, self-turning took place. In assigning the turn to speak, the "question and answer" technique had a very large share and the two techniques of "emphasizing questions and apologies" had a very small and almost zero percent share in turn assignment. In the topic of taking turns, the technique of "expressing the opinion at the right time" had a very high contribution and the technique of "predicting the end of the speaker's speech" had a zero percent contribution. No particular order was observed in the relative use of turn-taking and self-turning techniques in introductory, intermediate and advanced level books. In general, it seems that speech turn taking system is generally represented in the PARFA, but there are some differences in it with the natural turn taking system of Persian speakers.
 

Keywords

Conversation Analysis; turn-taking; Self-turning; PARFA

References

1. ضیاءحسینی، محمد. (1389). مبانی زبان­شناسی. چاپ دوم، تهران: رهنما.
2. میردهقان، مهین ناز و همکاران. ( 1398 ). پرفا 1، تهران: نگارستان اندیشه.
3. میردهقان، مهین ناز و همکاران. ( 1398 ). پرفا 2، تهران: نگارستان اندیشه.
4. میردهقان، مهین ناز و همکاران. ( 1398 ). پرفا 3، تهران: نگارستان اندیشه.
5. یول، جورج. (1387). کاربردشناسی زبان، ترجمۀ محمد عموزادۀ مهدیرجی- منوچهر توانگر، تهران: انتشارات سمت.
6. Beattie, G. (1992). Talk: An analysis of speech and non-verbal behavior in conversation. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
7. Beeson, P. M. & Rachel, M. King. M. & Borna, Bonakdarpour &Henry, M. L., Cho, H., & Rapcsak, S. Z. (2011). Positive effects of language treatment for the logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 45(3), 724-736.
8. Cook, G. (1989). Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9. Duncan, S. (1972). Some signals and rules for taking speaking turns in conversations. Journal of personality and social psycology. Vol.23, No.2, 283-292.
10. Ervin, T, S. (1979). Children's Verbal Turn Taking. In Ochs and Shchieffelin. Developmental Pragmatics. New York: Academic Press.
11. Fishman, G, S. (1978). Principles of discrete event simulation.[Book review].
12. Gardener, R. (2006). Conversation Analysis. In Alan Davies and Elder Catherine, (eds). The Handbook of Linguistics. Pp.262-284. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
13. Hutchby, I. & Robin Wooffitt (1998). Conversation analysis: Principles, Practices and Applications. London: Polity Press.
14. Lakoff, R. (2004). Language and Woman’s Place, Text and Commentaries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15. Levinson, S. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University.
16. Mirdehghan, M.N et al. (2019). Parfa Tehran: Negarestan Andishe.
17. Mirdehghan, M.N et al. (2019). Parfa 2. Tehran: Negarestan Andishe.
18. Mirdehghan, M.N et al. (2019). Parfa 3. Tehran: Negarestan Andishe.
19. Rahman, S. M. (2018). Comparison of Turn-taking and Self-repair Between Persian and English Speakers. MA thesis: Yasouj university.
20. Reed, D., & Mike, Hughes. (2006). An Exploration of Team Sport as a Dynamical System. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 6(2), 114-125.
21. Sacks, H. & Emanuel, Schegloff &Gail, Jefferson,. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
22. Samadneshan, Z. (2016). A Comparative Study of Turn-taking in Persian and English Movies
23. Schegloff, E., & Sacks, H. (1973). “Opening up closings”. Semiotica, VIII,4
24. Schiffrin, D. (1994). Approaches to discourse. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell.
25. Silvia, A. (2012). Conversation analysis and the structure of conversation.
26. Tannen, D. (2012). Turn-Taking and Intercultural Discourse and Communication.
27. Tarang, M. (2016), Relationship between Language, Culture &Turn-taking Behavior: A Sociolinguistic Model for Turn-taking
28. West, C. & Don. H. Zimmerman. (1977). Women's Place in everyday Talk: Reflections on Parent-Child Interaction.
29. G. (2009). PragtMAmatics. Amouzadeye Mahdiraji, M. & Tavangar, M. Tehran: entesharate Samt.
30. Zia Hosseini. M. (2011). Introduction to Linguistics. Second Edition. Tehran: Rahnama.