Mineral chemistry, Thermobarometry, Geochemistry and tectonic setting of Tertiary andesitic lavas in the Shourestan area (west of Sarbisheh), Southern Khorasan

زمین شناسی اقتصادی

Volume 14, Issue 4 - Serial Number 35, December 2022, Pages 175-213   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/econg.2023.80746.1065

Authors

Seyyed Saeid Mohammadi^{* 1}; Sun-Lin Chung²; Malihe Nakhaei³; Arash Islamipanah⁴

¹Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran

²Professor, Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Professor, Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

³Assistant Professor, Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Mining and Chemistry, Birjand University of Technology, Birjand, Iran

⁴M.Sc., Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran

Abstract

In the Shourestan area, 14 kilometers west of Sarbisheh city, in South Khorasan province, volcanic rocks with pyroxene-andesite composition belonging to Eocene-Oligocene are exposed. The constituent minerals of these rocks include plagioclase and pyroxene. The composition of plagioclases have range from Ab₃₂, An₆₈ to Ab₅₈, An₄₂ and are andesine-labradorite type. Clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene have diopside-like augite and enstatite composition, respectively. The crystallization temperature for clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene were about 1175 and 1200 °C respectively and the pressure (for both types) was 2 to 5 kb. The geochemical data of whole rocks show that the andesitic lavas of Shourestan have high potassium calc-alkaline nature and the amount of Mg# in them varies from 40.97 to 60.97, which indicates the role of mantle components in their formation. These rocks show signs of differentiation including LREE/HREE ((La/Yb)_N) between 9.95 to 12.42, LREE/MREE ((La/Sm)_N) between 3.53 to 6.55, MREE/HREE ((Sm/Yb)_N) between 1.89 to 2.99. High ratios of Zr/Nb (9.81-22.10), Th/Nb (0.68-1.79), Th/Ta (7.29-24), and Nb/Ta (9.69-15.66) along with the pattern of LIL elements, support the possibility of different degrees of crustal contamination-assimilation of magma during its ascent to the earth's surface. The studied rocks have low ratios of Ce/Y (2.44-3.48), (Tb/Yb)_N (1.17-1.39), Sm/Yb (1.92-2.78), and relatively flat MREE-HREE pattern that confirms the melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle in the field of spinel stability and at a depth of fewer than 75 kilometers.
 
Introduction
Calc-alkaline magmas are commonly active in convergent plate margins and their petrogenesis is crucial for understanding the origin and evolution of the andesitic continental crust. The generation of calc-alkaline magmatic series in oceanic subduction zones has been primarily attributed to the partial melting of enriched mantle sources with the involvement of fluids and/or melts from the subducted oceanic lithosphere or the partial melting of metasomatized sub-continental lithospheric mantle that had been modified by previous plate subduction (Cheng et al., 2020). Andesite is the second most common volcanic rock type on earth and provides abundant information about the interaction between the mantle and crust in the subduction zones. However, the petrogenesis of subduction-related andesite is being debated, since andesite can form via different processes, such as (1) magma mixing between felsic and mafic/ultramafic melt; (2) fractional melting or assimilation fractional crystallization from basaltic composition; (3) partial melting of the hydrated mantle wedge peridotite (Li et al., 2013). Experimental investigation demonstrates that plagioclase and clinopyroxene composition can be used to estimate the P-T condition of volcanic rock crystallization. The chemical composition of pyroxene in volcanic rocks shows the nature of the host lava and is used to determine the magmatic series, tectonic environment, and origin of the igneous rock (Putirka, 2008).
In the Shourestan area, 14 kilometers west of Sarbisheh city in South Khorasan province, Eocene-Oligocene volcanic rocks with pyroxene-andesite composition are exposed. Based on the results of previous studies, the Tertiary lavas in the Sarbisheh area have calc-alkaline nature and are related to active continental margins (Mohammadi and Nakhaei, 2022). In this research, the chemical composition of minerals has been used to determine the nature of magma, tectonic setting and evaluation of the temperature and pressure conditions for the crystallization of andesitic lavas. Also, by using the geochemical data of the whole rock, the geochemical characteristics, tectonic setting, and origin of these rocks have been investigated.
Materials and Methods
Microprobe analysis of pyroxene and plagioclase minerals was done at the institute of Earth sciences in Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. A scanning electron microscope (JEOL SEM JSM-6360LV) was used to observe micro-scale texture. Identification of mineral phases was done by an energy dispersive spectrometer equipped with SEM, under the beam conditions of 15 kV, and 0.2 nA for the acceleration voltage, and beam current, respectively. Mineralogical investigation was carried out by an electron probe micro analyzer (JEOL EPMA JXA-8900R) equipped with four wave-length dispersive spectrometers. For geochemical investigations, 8 samples were analyzed in Acme laboratory in Canada by ICP method (for major elements) and ICP-MS (for trace and rare earth elements) and 3 samples in ZarAzma Company (Tehran, Iran) by alkaline melting method (for major elements) and ICP-MS (for trace and rare earth elements).
 
Results
The constituent minerals of these rocks include plagioclase and pyroxene. The composition of plagioclases changes from Ab₃₂ An₆₈ to Ab₅₈ An₄₂ and are andesine-labradorite type. Clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene have diopside-like augite and enstatite composition, respectively. The crystallization temperature for clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene were about 1175 and 1200 °C respectively and the pressure was 2 to 5 kb. The geochemical data of whole rocks show that the andesitic lavas of Shourestan have high potassium calc-alkaline nature and the amount of Mg# in them varies from 40.97 to 60.97, which indicates the role of mantle components in their formation. These rocks show signs of differentiation including LREE/HREE ((La/Yb)_N) from 9.95 to 12.42, LREE/MREE ((La/Sm)_N) from 3.53 to 6.55, MREE/HREE ((Sm/Yb)_N) from 1.89 to 2.99. High ratios of Zr/Nb (9.81-22.10), Th/Nb (0.68-1.79), Th/Ta (7.29-24), and Nb/Ta (9.69-15.66) along with the pattern of LIL elements, support the possibility of different degrees of crustal contamination-assimilation of magma during its ascent to the earth's surface. The studied rocks have low ratios of Ce/Y (2.44-3.48), (Tb/Yb)_N (1.17-1.39), Sm/Yb (1.92-2.78), and relatively flat MREE-HREE pattern that confirms the melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle in the field of spinel stability and at a depth of fewer than 75 kilometers.
 
Discussion
Petrographic studies show that the volcanic rocks of the Shourestan area have pyroxene-andesite composition. After plagioclase, pyroxene is the most abundant mineral in Shourestan andesitic lavas. The values of Mg# in clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene are 72-78 and 71-77, respectively. High values of Mg# in pyroxenes indicate the role of mantle components in the magma source. Based on the chemistry of clinopyroxene, andesitic lavas of the Shourestan area have sub-alkaline nature and are located in the field of volcanic arc basalts. The anorthite content of plagioclases in andesitic lavas of Shourestan (52-66%) and Mg# of clinopyroxenes (72-78) indicate the low amount of water during the formation of these minerals from primary magma. The formation temperature of investigated clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene was about 1200 °C and the calculated pressure at the time of their crystallization was determined 2 to 5 kb. The volcanic rocks of Shourestan were located in the range of andesite with high potassium calc-alkaline nature. The amount of Mg# in these rocks varies from 40.97 to 60.97, which indicates the role of mantle components in their formation. The presence of negative Ti, Nb, and P anomalies in trace element diagrams of the studied samples, confirms the formation of these rocks in subduction zones. Relatively low values of Yb_N in the samples (8.42 to 10.05 ppm) indicate low amounts of garnet in the source. Geochemical characteristics of the Shourestan andesitic rocks such as K₂O/P₂O₅ ratio >2 along with high Al₂O₃ and Th enrichment can be related to crustal contamination or magma formation from a heterogeneous metasomatized mantle source. In addition, Th/Ta (7.29-24), Nb/Ta (9.69-15.66) and Ta/La (0.02-0.05) ratios also indicate different degrees of the crustal contamination-assimilation of magma during the ascent to the surface of the earth. Based on various element ratios, the Shourestan andesitic lavas originated from a subcontinental lithospheric mantle that evolved during subduction. The geochemical characteristics of the investigated rocks, such as the high ratio of LILE/HFSE and LREE/HREE, as well as the different tectonic discriminant diagrams, confirm active continental margin tectonic setting.

Keywords

Pyroxene andesite; thermobarometry; spinel lherzolite; lithospheric mantle; Shourestan; active continental margin; Lut

References

Adam, M.M.A., Lv, X., Fathy, D., Abdel Rahman, A.R.A., Ali, A.A., Mohammed, A.S., Farahat, E.S. and Sami, M., 2022. Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Tonian island arc volcanic rocks from the Gabgaba Terrane in the Arabian-Nubian Shield (NE Sudan). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 223: 105006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2021.105006

Ahmad, T. and Tarney, J., 1991. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Garhwal volcanics: implications for evolution of the north India lithosphere. Precambrian Research, 50(1–2): 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(91)90048-F

Anderson, A.T., 1980. Significance of hornblende in calc-alkaline andesites and basalts. American Mineralogist, 65(9–10): 837-851. Retrieved February 28, 2023 from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/65/9-10/837/41189/Significance-of-hornblende-in-calc-alkaline?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Arslan, M. and Aslan, Z., 2006. Mineralogy, petrography and whole-rock geochemistry of the Tertiary granitic intrusions in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27(2): 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.03.002

Bailey, J.C., 1981. Geochemical criteria for a refined tectonic discrimination of orogenic andesites. Chemical Geology, 32(1–4): 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90135-2

Beier, C., Haase, K.M., Brandl, P.A. and Krumm, S. K., 2017. Primitive andesites from the Taupo Volcanic Zone formed by magma mixing. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 172(5): 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-017-1354-0

Berndt, J., Koepke, J. and Holtz, F., 2005. An experimental investigation of the influence of water andoxygen fugacity on differentiation of MORB at 200 MPa. Journal of Petrology, 46(1): 135–167. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egh066

Boynton, W.V., 1984. Cosmochemistry of the Rare Earth Elements: Meteorite Studies. In: P. Henderson (Editor), Rare Earth Element Geochemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, volume 2, pp.63–114.  https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-42148-7.50008-3

Cai, P.R., Wang, T., Wang, Z.Q., Li, L.M., Jia, J.L. and Wang, M.Q., 2020. Geochronology and geochemistry of late Paleozoic volcanic rocks from eastern Inner Mongolia, NE China: Implications for igneous petrogenesis, tectonic setting, and geodynamic evolution of the south-eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Lithos, 362–363: 105480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105480

Carmichael, I.S.E., 2002. The andesite aqueduct: perspectives on the evolution of intermediate magmatism in west-central (105–99° W) Mexico. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 143: 641–663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-002-0370-9

Castillo, P.R., 2006. An overview of adakite petrogenesis. Chinese Science Bulletin,51: 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-006-0257-7

Chahkandinejad, M., 2015.  Petrology of Tertiary volcanic rocks in Asfich area (southwest of Sarbisheh) with emphasis on their economic potential. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran. 90 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)

Chen, L. and Zhao, Z.F., 2017. Origin of continental arc andesites: The composition of source rocks is the key. Journal of Asian EarthSciences, 145(Part 1): 217–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.04.012

Cheng, Zh., Guo, Zh., Dingwell, D.B., Li, X., Zhan, M., Liu, J., Zhao, W. and Lei, M., 2020. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the post-collisional high-K calc-alkaline magmatic rocks in Tengchong, SE Tibet. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 193: 104309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104309

Chiaradia, M., Müntener, O. and Beate, B., 2011. Enriched basaltic andesites from midcrustalfractional crystallization, recharge, and assimilation (Pilavo Volcano,Western Cordillera of Ecuador). Journal of Petrology, 52(6): 1107–1141. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egr020

Claeson, D.‌T. and Meurer, W.‌P., 2004. Fractional crystallization of hydrous basaltic “arc-type” magmas and the formation of amphibolebearinggabbroic cumulates. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 147: 288–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-003-0536-0

Condie, K.C., 2005. TTG and adakites: are they both slab melts? Lithos, 80(1–4): 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2003.11.001

Cox, K.G., Bell, J.D. and Pankhurst, R.J., 1979. The Interpretation of Igneous Rocks. George Allen and Unwin, London, 450 pp.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3373-1

Davidson, J., Turner, S. and Plank, T., 2013. Dy/Dy*: Variations arising from mantle sources and petrogenetic processes. Journal of Petrology, 54(3): 525–537. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egs076

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. and Zussman, J., 1991. An introduction to the rock forming minerals. Longman Scientific and Technical, New York, 528 pp.

Dwivedi, S.K., Jafri, S.H., Srinivasa Sarma, D., Tripathi, P., Parthasarathy, G. and Pandey, O.P., 2022. Mineral chemistry, geochemistry and geophysical investigations of Simlipal volcanics from Eoarchean Singhbhum Craton (EasternIndia): Geodynamic implications of pervasive plume–lithosphere interaction. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 111: 1149–1184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-022-02170-9

Erdmann, S., Martel, C., Pichavant, M. and Kushnir, A., 2014. Amphibole as an archivist of magmatic crystallization conditions: problems, potential, and implications for inferring magma storageprior to the paroxysmal 2010 eruption of Mount Merapi, Indonesia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 167: 1016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-014-1016-4

Foley, S.F. and Wheller, G.E., 1990. Parallels in the origin of the geochemical signatures of island arc volcanics and continental potassic igneous rocks: the role of residual titanites. Chemical Geology, 85(1–2): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(90)90120-V

France, L., Koepke, J., Ildefonse, B., Cichy, S. B. and Deschamps, F., 2010. Hydrous partial melting inthe sheeted dike complex at fast spreading ridges: Experimental and natural observations. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 160: 683–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-010-0502-6

Ghosh, R., Vermeesch, P., Gain, D. and Mondal, R., 2019. Genetic relationship among komatiites and associated basalts in the Badampahar greenstone belt (3.25–3.10 Ga), Singhbhum Craton, Eastern India. Precambrian Research, 327: 196–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2019.03.013

Goodarzi, M., Mohammadi, S.S. and Zarrinkoub, M.H., 2014. Petrography,geochemistry and tectonic setting of Salmabad Tertiary volcanic rocks, southeast of Sarbisheh, eastern Iran., Journal of Economic Geology, 6(2): 217–234. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/ECONG.V6I2.24938

Grove, T.L. and Kinzler, R.J., 1986. Petrogenesis of andesites. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 14: 417–454. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.14.050186.002221

Grove, T.L., Till, C.B. and Krawczynski, M.J., 2012. The role of H2O in subduction zone magmatism. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 40: 413–439.  https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105310

Islamipanah, A., 2018. Petrology of Tertiary volcanic rocks in Shourestan area (west of Sarbisheh), Southern Khorasan. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran, 65 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)

Karimpour, M.‌H., Stern, C.‌R., Farmer, L., Saadat, S., Malekezadeh, A., 2011. Review of age, Rb-Sr geochemistry and petrogenesis of Jurassic to Quaternary igneous rocks in Lut block, Eastern Iran. Geopersia, 1(1): 19–36. https://doi.org/10.22059/jgeope.2011.22162

Kay, S.M., 2001. Central Andean ore deposits linked to evolving shallow subduction systems and thickening crust. Geological Society of America Today, 11(3): 4–9. https://doi.org/10.1130/1052-5173(2001)011<0004:CAODLT>2.0.CO;2

Kelemen, P., 1990. Reaction between ultramafic rock and fractionating basaltic liquid I. Phase relations, the origin of calc-alkaline magma series, and the formation of discordant dunite. Journal of Petrology, 31(1): 51–98. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/31.1.51

Kelemen, P.B., 1995. Genesis of high Mg# andesites and the continental crust. Contributionsto Mineralogy and Petrology, 120: 1–19.  https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00311004

Kudo, A.M. and Weill, D.F., 1970. An igneous plagioclase thermometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 25: 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00383062

Kuscu, G.G. and Geneli, F., 2010. Review of post-collisional volcanism in the central Anatolian volcanic province (Turkey), with special reference to the Tepekoy volcanic complex. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 99: 593–621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-008-0402-4

Kvassnes, A.J.S.,   Anita Hetland Strand, A.H., Moen-Eikeland, H. and Pedersen, R.B., 2004.The LyngenGabbro: the lower crust of an Ordovician Incipient Arc. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 148: 358–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-004-0609-8   

Le Bas, M.‌J., 1962. The role of aluminum in igneous clinopyroxenes with relation to their parentage. American Journal of Science, 260(4): 267–288. Retrieved February 28, 2023 from https://www.ajsonline.org/content/260/4/267

Le Maitre, R.W., 2002. Igneous rocks: A classification and glossary of terms: Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences. Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 236 pp.

Li, X.W., Mo, X.X., Yu, X.H., Ding, Y., Huang, X.F., Wei, P. and He, W.Y., 2013. Petrology and geochemistry of the early Mesozoic pyroxene andesites in the Maixiu Area, West Qinling, China: Products of subduction or syn-collision? Lithos, 172–173: 158–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.04.010

Liu, X., Zhang, Q. and Zhang, Ch., 2022. Identification of the original tectonic setting for oceanic andesite using discrimination diagrams: An approach based on global geochemical data synthesis. Journal of Earth Science, 33(3): 696–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-021-1507-y

Machado, A., Chemale, Jr.‌F., Conceicao, R.V., Kawaskita, K., Morata, D., Oteıza, O. and Schmus, W.R.V., 2005. Modeling of subduction components in the genesis of the Meso-Cenozoic igneous rocks from the South Shetland Arc, Antarctica. Lithos, 82(3–4): 435–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.09.026.

Malekian Dastjerdi. M., Mohammadi. S.S., Nakhaei, M. and Zarrinkoub, M.H., 2017. Geochemistry and tectonomagatic setting of Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Kangan area, northeast of Sarbisheh, southern Khorasan. Journal of Economic Geology, 8(2): 553–568. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v8i2.54029

Manikyamba, C., Ray, J.S., Ganguli, S., Singh, M.R., Santosh, M., Saha, A. and Satyanaraynan, M., 2015. Boninitic metavolcanic rocks and island arc tholeiites from the older metamorphic group (OMG) of Singhbhum craton, eastern India: Geochemical evidence for Archean subduction process. Precambrian Research, 271: 138–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2015.09.028

Mohammadi, S.S. and Nakhaei, M., 2022.  Geometric properties, petrography, geochemistry and tectonic setting of columnar andesites of Goorid quarry rubble mine, west of Sarbisheh city (South Khorasan). Petrological Journal, 13(3): 33–62. https://doi.org/10.22108/ijp.2022.133573.1277

Mohammadi, S.S., 2012. Geology and Petrology of Tertiary volcanic rocks of Sarbisheh perlite mine area (eastern Iran) and industrial applications. Journal of Economic Geology, 1(4): 59–76. (in Persian with English abstract) Retrieved January 20, 2023 from https://econg.um.ac.ir/article/view/3679/article_28136.html

Mohammadi, S.S., Bayani, R., Nakhaei, M., Chung, S.L. and Zarrinkoub, M.H., 2017. Petrgraphy, mineral chemistry, geochemistry and tectonic setting of Tertiary volcanic rocks in Shoushk area (east of Sarbisheh), Southern Khorasan. Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 25(1): 167–186. (in Persian with English abstract) Retrieved Jauary20, 2023 from http://ijcm.ir/article-1-50-fa.html

Mohammadi, S.S., Chung, S.L., Nakhaei, M. and Zarrinkoub, M.H., 2021. Thermobarometry and origin of andesitic lavas in Zoolesk area based on mineral chemistry (northeast of Sarbisheh, east of Iran). Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 29(2): 479–494. https://doi.org/‎10.52547/ijcm.29.2.479

Morata, D, Oliva, C., De La Cruz, R. and Suárez, M., 2005. The Bandurrias gabbro: Late Oligocene alkaline magmatism in the Patagonian Cordillera. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 18(2): 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2004.09.001

Morimoto, N., Fabries, J., Ferguson, A.K., Ginzburg, I.‌V., Ross, M., Seifert, F.‌A., Zussman, J., Aoki, K. and Gottardi, G., 1989. Nomenclature of pyroxenes. Mineralogical Journal, 14(5): 198–221. https://doi.org/10.2465/minerj.14.198

Morimoto, N., Fabries, J., Ferguson, A.K., Ginzburg, I.V., Ross, M., Seifert, F.‌A., Zussman, J., Aoki, K. and Gottardi, G., 1988. Nomenclature of pyroxenes. Mineralogical Magazine, 52(367): 535–550. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.15

Namnabat, E., Ghorbani, M., Nakashima, K., Tabatabaei, S.H. and Tavakoli, N., 2021. Mineral chemistry and Petrology of the Andarian volcanic rocks: insight to the Ahar-Arasbaran magmatic zone, Northwestern Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14: 1922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08246-1

Nazari, H. and Salamati, R., 1999. Geological map of Sarbisheh, scale 1:100000. Geological survey of Iran.

Nazari, Z., 2011. Geology and Petrology of volcanic rocks in northwest of Sarbisheh (east of Iran). M.Sc. Thesis, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran. 114 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)

Neave, D.A. and Putirka, K.D., 2017. A new clinopyroxene-liquid barometer,and implications for magma storage pressures under Icelandic rift zones. American Mineralogist, 102: 777–794. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-5968

Nisbet, E.G. and Pearce, J.A., 1977. Clinopyroxene composition of mafic lavas from different tectonic settings. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 63(2): 149–160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398776

Ohanian, T. and Tatavosian, S., 1978. Geological map of Birjand, scale 1:100000. Geological survey of Iran.

Omidianfar, S., Monsef, I., Rahgoshay, M., Shafaii Moghadam, H., Cousens, B., Ming Chen, M., Rajabpour, Sh. And Zheng, J., 2022. Neo-Tethyan subduction triggered Eocene–Oligocene magmatism in eastern Iran. Geological Magazine. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756822001066

Pang, K.N., Chung, S.L., Zarrinkoub, M.H., Khatib, M.M., Mohammadi, S.S., Chiu, H. Y., Chu, C.H., Lee, H.Y. and Lo, C.H., 2013. Eocene– Oligocene post- collisional magmatism in the Lut– Sistan region, eastern Iran: Magma genesis and tectonic implications. Lithos,180–181: 234– 251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.05.009 

Pearce, J.A., 1982. Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries. In: R.S.  Thorpe (Editor), Andesites: Orogenic andesites and related rocks. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England, pp. 528–548. Retrieved January 20, 2023 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304749002

Pearce, J.A., 2008. Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust. Lithos, 100(1–4): 14–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2007.06.016

Pearce, J.A., Baker, P.E., Harvey, P.K. and Luff, I.W., 1995. Geochemical Evidence for Subduction Fluxes, Mantle Melting and Fractional Crystallization Beneath the South Sandwich Island Arc. Journal of Petrology, 36 (4): 1073–1109.  https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.4.1073

Peccerillo, A. and Taylor, S.R., 1976. Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area (northern Turkey). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 58: 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00384745

Piccardo, G. B. and Gaurnieri, L., 2011. Gabbro-norite cumulate from strongly depleted MORB in theAlpine-Apennine ophiolites. Lithos, 124(3–4): 200–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.01.017

Putirka, K.‌D., 2005. Igneous thermometers and barometers based on plagioclase+ liquid equilibria: Tests of some existing models and new calibrations. American Mineralogist, 90(2–3): 336–346. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2005.1449

Putirka, K.‌D., 2008. Thermometers and Barometers for Volcanic Systems. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 69(1): 61–120. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2008.69.3

Reubi, O. and Blundy, J., 2009. A dearth of intermediate melts at subduction zone volcanoes and the petrogenesis of arc andesites. Nature, 461: 1269–1273.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08510

Ridolfi, F, Renzulli, A. and Puerini, M., 2010. Stability and chemical equilibriumof amphibole in calc-alkaline magmas: an overview, new thermobarometric formulations and application to subductionrelatedvolcanoes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,160: 45–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-009-0465-7

Saccani, E., 2015. A new method of discriminating different typesof post-Archean ophiolitic basalts and their tectonic significance using Th-Nb and Ce-Dy-Yb systematic. Geoscience Frontiers, 6(4): 481–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2014.03.006

Sayari, M. and Sharifi, M., 2014. SCG: A computer application for single clinopyroxene geothermobarometry. Italian Journal of Geosciences, 133(2): 315–322. https://doi.org/10.3301/IJG.2014.01

Soesoo, A., 1997. A multivariate statistical analysis of clinopyroxene composition: empirical coordinates for the crystallization PT estimations. Geological Society of Sweden (Geologiska Föreningen), 119(1): 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/11035899709546454

Song, X.Y., Qi, H.W., Robinson, P.T., Zhou M.F., Cao, Z.M. and Chen, L.M., 2008. Melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle by theEmeishan mantle plume: evidence from the basal alkaline basaltsin Dongchuan, Yunan, Southwestern China. Lithos, 100(1–4): 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2007.06.023

Song, X.Y., Zhou, M.F., Hou, Z.Q., Cao, Z.M., Wang, Y.L. and Li, Y., 2001. Geochemical constraints on the Mantle source of the Upper Permian Emeishan Continental Flood Basalts, Southwestern China.International Geology Review, 43(3): 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810109465009

Streck, M.J., Leeman, W.P. and Chesley, J., 2007. High-magnesian andesite from Mount Shasta: a product of magma mixing and contamination, not a primitive mantle melt. Geology, 35(4): 351–354. https://doi.org/10.1130/G23286A.1

Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematic of ocean basalts: implications for mantle composition and process. In: A.D. Saunders and M.J. Norry (Editors), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society London Special Publications 42(1): 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19

Teng, X. and Santosh, M., 2015. A long-lived magma chamber in the Paleoproterozoic North China Craton. Evidence from the Damiao gabbro-anorthosite suites. Precambrian Research, 256: 79–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2014.10.018

Tiepolo, M., Tribuzio, R. and Langone, A., 2011. High-Mg andesite petrogenesis by amphibole crystallization and ultramafic crust assimilation: evidence from Adamello Hornblendites (Central Alps, Italy). Journal of Petrology, 52(5): 1011–1045. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egr016

Tirrul, R., Bell, I.R., Griffis, R.J. and Camp, V.E., 1983. The Sistan suture zone of eastern Iran. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 94(1): 134–156. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<134:TSSZOE>2.0.CO;2

Verma, S.‌P. and Verma, S.‌K., 2013. First 15 probability-based multidimensional tectonic discrimination diagrams for intermediate magmas and their robustness against post emplacement compositional changes and petrogenetic processes. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 22(6): 931–995. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1204-6

Whitney, D. and Evans, B.D., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95(1): 185–187.  https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2010.3371

Wilson, M., 2007. Igneous Petrogenesis. Springer Verlag, London, 466 pp.

Yang, Q.Y., Santosh, M., Shen, J.F. and Li, S.R., 2014. Juvenile vs. recycled crustin NE China: Zircon U-Pb geochronology, Hf isotope and anintegrated model for Mesozoic gold mineralization in the Jiadong Peninsula. Gondwana Research, 25(4): 1445–1468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.06.003

Yang, W. and Li, Sh., 2008. Geochronology and geochemistry of the Mesozoic volcanic rocks in Western Liaoning: Implications for lithospheric thinning of the North China Craton. Lithos,102(1-2): 88–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2007.09.018

Yücel, C., Arslan, M., Temizel, I. and Abdioğlu, E., 2014.Volcanic facies and mineral chemistry of Tertiary volcanics in the northern part of the Eastern Pontides, northeast Turkey: implications for pre-eruptive crystallization conditions and magma chamber processes. Mineralogy and Petrology, 108: 439–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-013-0306-2

Zhao, J.J. and Zhou, M.F., 2007. Geochemistry of Neoproterozoic mafic intrusionsin the Panzhihua district (Sichuan Province, SW China): implications for subduction- related metasomatism in the upper mantle. Precambrian Research, 152(1–2): 27–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2006.09.002

Zhao, X., Tian, L., Sun, J., Huang, P., Li, Y. and Gao, Y., 2021. Petrogenesis of volcanic rocks from Eastern Manus Basin: indications in mineralogy and geochemistry. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 39(1): 89–109.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-020-9308-1

Zulkarnain, I., 2009. Geochemical signature of Mesozoic volcanic and granitic rocks in Madina Regency area, North Sumatra, Indonesia, and its tectonic implication. Jurnal Geologi Indonesia (The Indonesian Journal of Geology), 4(2): 117–131. https://doi.org/10.17014/ijog.vol4no2.20094