The Efficacy of Pre-Mixed Herbicides of Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + Metribuzin (21.37% EC) Compared to Common Herbicides for Weed Control of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Fars Province (Darab)

پژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران

Article 7, Volume 38, Issue 1 - Serial Number 63, March 2024, Pages 79-92   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jpp.2023.80491.1126

Authors

Ebrahim Mamnoie^{* 1}; Mohammad Reza Karaminejad²; Mehdi Minbash Moeini³

¹Assistant Professor of Plant Protection Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Darab, Iran

²Research Associate an, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran, respectively

³Associates Professor of Department of Weed Research, Plant Pest and Disease Research Institute, AREEO, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Introduction[1]
 Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important crops in Iran. The area under cultivation of this crop in Fars’s province is 421,000 hectares. Weeds are one of the most significant factors limiting crop production. They primarily decrease grain yield by competing with the crop for light, nutrients, water, and root space.  Weeds can cause a significant reduction in wheat yield, with an average by 23-35%. The most important weed species of wheat in Fars are including Lolium rigidum L., Bromus tectorum L., Mavla neglecta Wallr., Hirschfeldia incana L., Carthamus oxyacanthus M.B., Centaurea solstitialis L., Veronica persica L. The rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) is one of the most troublesome weeds in winter wheat fields of Fars province. Lolium rigidum, has the capacity to produce 45,000 seeds m⁻² in infested wheat fields. Its highly competitive nature for nutrients has been reported to cause a significant reduction in wheat yield. The application of herbicides is the most common method of weed control in wheat fields. Herbicides are registered for weed control in winter wheat fields included of Axial^®, Topik^®, Othello^®, Atlantis^®, Total^®, Bromicide^® MA, Geranestar^® and Apiros^®. There are a limited number of herbicides that is used in wheat. Therefore, it is necessary to register new herbicides in winter wheat. The objectives of this research were to optimize the dosage of FenoMetri in combination with a non-ionic surfactant, Tifis®, and to compare its efficacy with other pre-mixed herbicides (Bromicide^® MA, Othello^®, and Atlantis^®).
 
Materials and Methods
 In order to study the efficacy of herbicides for controlling weeds in wheat fields, an experiment was conducted at the Fars Province Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Darab, Iran, during 2021-2022. This experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design with 14 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments included post emergence application of Bromicide MA^® at 1.5 L ha^–1 + Topik^® at 1 L ha^–1, Bromicide MA^® at 1.5 L ha^–1 +Puma-super^® at 1 L ha^–1, Granstar^® at 20 g ha^–1 +Topik^® at 1 L ha^–1, Atlantis^® at 1.5 L ha^–1, Othello^® at 1.6 L ha^–1, Tifis^® at 300 g ha^–1, FenoMetri  at 0.8, 1 and 1.2 L ha^–1 with and without surfactant at 1 L ha^–1, Sencor^® 800 g ha^–1 (400 g ha^–1 in the 1- 3 leaf stage + 400 g ha^–1 in the tillering stage of wheat and Control (hand weeding). Each plot was divided into two subplots. One subplot was treated with the herbicide applications, while the other subplot was left unsprayed to consider as a weedy check treatment for comparison purposes. Herbicide treatments were applied in tillering stage of wheat (Zadoks’ scale = 25) using a pressure backpack sprayer equipped with an 8002 flat fan nozzle tip, which delivered 350 L ha^-1 at 2 bar spray pressure. Traits were recorded including weed density, weed biomass, plant height, grains per spike, number spikes, 1000 grains weigh, grain yield and biological yield. Weed density and dry weight were determined in random 0.50-m² quadrates per plot. The grain yield and biological yield were recorded for a 3 m² and 0.50 m² from each plot, respectively. Weed control efficiency (WCE) representing the degree of reduction in the density or dry biomass of weeds due to herbicide treatment was determined using Equation 1.
 
A and B are the density or dry biomass of weeds in the unsprayed and sprayed subplots, respectively (Somani, 1992). The changes in each trait of yield wheat (Yi), as mentioned above, were determined using Equation 2



 

 




Y_s and Y_u are the amount of each trait in the sprayed and unsprayed subplots (weedy check treatment), respectively. After checking data normality, the data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS 9.2 software. To compare the means, the Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test was used at the 5% level of significance.
 
Results and Discussion
 Weeds infestations included Lolium rigidum L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam and Carthamus oxyacanthus M.B. The highest and lowest density were observed for L. rigidum (56%) and C. oxyacanthus (5.1%), respectively. While, the highest and lowest weight were observed for L. rigidum (74%) and C. oxyacanthus (4%), respectively. The statistical analysis of the data on the weed density and biomass were revealed that applied herbicides significantly decreased both weed density and biomass. Additionally, the herbicide treatments led to a significant increase in the number of spikes per m², grains per spike, 1000 grains weight, grain yield, and biological yield. The Bromicide MA^® had the best treatment for controlling the broad-leaved weed by 80 – 85%, On the other hand, Sencor had the best control for ryegrass (L. rigidum) by 80%. The application of FenoMetri at 1.2 L ha^–1 with Surfactant^® decreased the biomass of C. arvensis, C. oxyacanthus, M. officinalis, L. rigidum and total weed by 71, 63, 52, 48 and 73% respectively. It also increased grain and biological yields up to 20% and 22% as compared to the weedy check treatment. Additionally, the herbicides of Sencor^® and Othello^® showed the highest- grain yield after hand weeding, respectively.
 
Conclusion
 The application of FenoMetri at 1.2 L ha^–1 with surfactant effectively controlled the density of weed species by 45–71% and the dry biomass of weed species by 48–72%. It also increased grain and biological yields by up to 20% and 22%, respectively, compared to the weedy check treatment. However, the efficacy of FenoMetri herbicide in controlling weeds was lower compared to commonly used herbicides such as Othello®, Bromicide MA^® + Topik^®, and Bromicide MA® + Puma super^®. Therefore, it is recommended to evaluate the FenoMetri herbicide with higher application rates.
 



 
 

Keywords

Chemical control; Surfactant; Density; Dry weight; Lolium rigidum

References

- Abbas, N., Tanveer, A., Ahmad, T., & Amin, M. )2018(. Use of adjuvants to optimize the activity of two broad-spectrum herbicides for weed control in wheat. Planta Daninha, 36, e018174762. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582018360100126

2- Anonymous. (2017). Registration report Part A. Anses. National Assessment Country France. 102000028901 (ATLANTIS STAR). 30P Information website: https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/phyto/evaluations/ ATLANTISST_PAMM_2015-1606_PARTA.pdf

3- Asghar, M., Ullah-Chauhdary, S., Afzal, M., Muhammad, M., Baig, Q., Qadir, M., Gafoor, A., & Zafaryab-Haider, S. (2017). Evaluation of the effectiveness of different herbicides against a new weed Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus Houtt.) in wheat crop. Azarian Journal of Agriculture, 4(3), 74-79

4- Barapour, T., Korres, N., Bargous, N.R., Hale, R.R., & Tseng, T.P. (2018). Performance of pinoxaden on the control of diclofop-resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum) in winter wheat. Agriculture, 8(7), 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8070114

5- Baziyar, S., Vazan, S., Oveisi, M., & Paknezhad, F. (2010). Optimization of herbicide doses of mesosulfuron-methyl (Atlantis) and clodinafop-propargyl (Topik) in control of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in competition with wheat. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 41(4), 755-761. (In Persian). https://doi.org/20.1001.1.20084811.1389.41.4.11.6

6- Ebadati, A., Gholamalipour-Alamdari, E., Avasaji, Z., & Rahemi-Karizaki, A. (2019). Effect of application time of dual-purpose herbicides and mixing herbicides on weeds control and wheat yield. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 39, 192–209. (In Persian)

7- Ebadi, A., Parmoon, G., Samadi Calkhoran, A., & Sajed, K. (2015). Evaluation of the effect of mixture of herbicides on weeds control in rainfed bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Ardabil. Iranian Journal of Crop Science, 17(3), 179-192. (In Persian with English abstract)

8- Ebrahimpour, F., Chaab, A., Mousavi, H., & Musaviyan, N. (2011). Evaluation of management efficiency of Total^@ dual-purpose herbicide and mixed Granstar^@ and axial herbicides at different growth stages of wheat. Electronic Journal of Crop Production, 4(2), 17-30.

9- Ghanbari, D., Karamineja, M.R., Farzadi, H., & Baghestani, A.M. (2015). Evaluation of the efficiency of metribuzin (WP 70%) in the control of weeds of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. field, Pesticides in Plan Protection Sciences, 3(1), 13-26. https://doi.org/10.22092/jppps.2016.106

10- Goggin, D.E., Powles, S.B., & Steadman, K.J. (2012). Understanding Lolium rigidum seeds: the key to managing a problem weed. Agronomy, 2, 222-239. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy2030222

11- Heap, I. (2022). The international survey of herbicide resistant weeds. Information website: http://weedscience.com/Home.aspx Accessed on 25/04/2022

12- Javaid, M.M., Mahmood, A., Bhatti, N.M.I., Waheed, H., Attia, K., Aziz, A., Nadeem, M.A., Khan, N., Al-Doss, A.A., Fiaz, S., & Wang, X. (2022). Efficacy of metribuzin doses on physiological, growth, and yield characteristics of wheat and its associated weeds, Frontiers in Plant Science (Crop and Product Physiology), 13, 1-11.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.866793

13- Khan, N., Hassan, G., Marwat, K.B., & Khan, M.A. (2003). Efficacy of different herbicides for controlling weeds in wheat crop at different times of application- II. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(3), 310-313.

14- Kumar, M., Kishore, R., Kumar, S., & Bisht, S. (2018). Efficacy of different post-emergence herbicides application alone and in combination in wheat. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, SP1, 1668-1670.

15- Lemerle, D., Leys, A.R., Hinkley, R.B., Fisher, J.A., & Cullis, B. (1985). Tolerance of wheat varieties to post-emergence wild oat herbicides. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 25, 677-682.

16- Mamnoie, E., & Karaminejad, M.R. (2020). Evaluation time and rate application of prosulfocarb herbicide in the weed control of wheat in South Kerman. Journal of Crop Production, 13, 51–66. https://doi.org/10.22069/EJCP.2020.17165.2269

17- Mamnoie, E., Karaminejad, M., Aliverdi, A., & Minbashi, M.M. (2022). Application efficacy of newly released pre-mixed herbicide in winter wheat: Joystick®. Agronoomia | Estonian Journal of Agricultural Science, 1(XXXIII): 123-118. https://doi.org/10.15159/jas.22.13

18- Minbashi, M.M., Hadizadeh, M.H., Karaminejad, M.R., Sabet-Zanganeh, H., Jamali, M., & Haghighi, A.A. (2022). Efficacy of fluroxypyr compared with common broadleaf herbicides in the wheat fields. Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research, 36(3), 367-384. https://doi.org/10.22067/JPP.2022.74981.1074

19- Nanher, A.H., & Singh, R. (2015). Effects of weed control treatments on wheat crop and associated weeds. Advance Research Journal of Crop Improvement, 6(2), 158-165.

20- Punia, S.S., Yadav, D.B., Kaur, M., & Sindhu, V.K. (2017). Post-emergence herbicides for the control of resistant littleseed canarygrass in wheat. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 49(1), 15–19.

21- Singh, S., Singh, S.S. Sharma, D., Punia, S.S., & Singh, H. (2005). Performance of tank mixture of metribuzin with clodinafop and fenoxaprop for the control of mixed weed flora in wheat. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 37, 9-12.

22- Somani, L.I. (1992). Dictionary of weed science. Agronomy Publishing Academy (India). 256 pp.

23- Stone, M.J., Cralle, H.T., Chandler, J.M. Miller, T.D. Bovey, R.W., & Carson, K.H. (1998). Above- and below ground interference of wheat by Italian ryegrass. Weed Science, 46, 438–441.

24- Solhjou, A., & Javadi, A. (2013). The effect of tillage and planting methods in raised bed planting system on irrigated wheat yield. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 110, 68-74. https://doi.org/10.22092/aj. 2016.109331

25- Veisi, M., Baghestani, M.A., & Minbashi, M.M. (2018). Study of tank mix application of dual propose and broad leaf herbicides for weed control in wheat fields. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 49(2), 171-183.

26- Zadoks, J.C., Chang, T.T., & Konzak, C.F. (1974). A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Research, 14, 415-421.

27- Zalghi, Z., & Saeedipor, S. (2017). Study the efficiency of Atlantis^@ and its mixture with Duplosan Super an Bromicide^@ MA herbicides for weeds controlling of wheat. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 9(21), 165-173.
28- Zand, E., Baghestani, M.A., Nezamabadi, N., & Mousavi, S.K. (2019). A guide for herbicides in Iran. University Press Center, 143pp. (In Persian)

29- Zare, A., Miri, H.R., & Jafari, B. (2014). Effect of plant density and reduced dosages of iodosulfuron + mesosulfuron (Atlantis) on integrated weed management in wheat. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 6, 38–93. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.20085958.1393.6.16.4.9