بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر عدم سرمایه‌گذاری طبیعی: رویکرد رگرسیون داده‌های پانل

اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی

دوره 37، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 61، دی 1402، صفحه 379-396   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی به زبان انگلیسی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jead.2023.82174.1190

نویسندگان

عباس میرزایی¹؛ حسن آزرم^{* 2}

¹گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و توسعه روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران

²گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران

چکیده

این مطالعه به بررسی همبستگی بین رشد اقتصادی و تأثیر آن بر محیط‌زیست، به‌ویژه با تمرکز بر مفهوم پایداری محیطی پرداخت. در این راستا، داده‌های پس‌انداز خالص تعدیل‌شده بانک جهانی (ANS) برای سنجش فشار بر محیط‌زیست، به‌ویژه از طریق اندازه‌گیری عدم سرمایه‌گذاری طبیعی، استفاده شد. این اندازه‌گیری اثرات تجمعی خسارت دی اکسید کربن (CO₂) و همچنین کاهش مواد معدنی، انرژی و منابع جنگلی را در بر می‌گیرد. با توجه به درون‌زایی متغیرهای توضیحی برای برآورد اثر واقعی درآمد سرانه و سایر متغیرها بر میزان فشار بر محیط‌زیست از داده‌های پانل استفاده شد. در این مطالعه، از روش پانل متغیر ابزاری (IV) با اثرات ثابت و از داده‌های 213 کشور در دوره زمانی 1990 تا 2018 بهره گرفته شد. نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون نشان داد که بین درآمد و تأثیر بر محیط‌زیست در کشورهای در حال توسعه همبستگی مستقیم وجود دارد. با این حال، این رابطه به طور قابل توجهی در کشورهای کم درآمد در مقایسه با کشورهای با درآمد بالا مشهودتر است. علاوه بر این، این مطالعه نشان می‌دهد که گسترش تجارت به افزایش فشار زیست‌محیطی در تمام گروه‌های کشورها مساعدت می‌نماید. افزایش نرخ ثبت نام مدارس می‌تواند بر محیط‌زیست کشورهای توسعه یافته و در حال توسعه با درآمد بالا تأثیر بگذارد. همچنین اثر متغیر باز بودن سرمایه بر فشار محیطی برای کشورهای توسعه یافته و پردرآمد مثبت برآورد شد. البته این اثر برای کشورهای کم‌درآمد منفی بود. در نهایت، نتایج نشان داد که کشورهای در حال توسعه می‌بایستی ساختار حقوقی خود را بهبود بخشند و همچنین بوروکراسی و پیچیدگی قوانین را کاهش دهند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

رشد اقتصادی؛ پایداری زیست‌محیطی؛ کشور در حال توسعه؛ داده پانل؛ متغیرهای ابزاری

مراجع

1. Adams, S., & Nsiah, C. (2019). Reducing carbon dioxide emissions; does renewable energy matter?. Science of the Total Environment, 693, 133288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2023. 100491
2. Ahmad, M., Jiang, P., Majeed, A., Umar, M., Khan, Z., & Muhammad, S. (2020). The dynamic impact of natural resources, technological innovations and economic growth on ecological footprint: An advanced panel data estimation. Resources Policy, 69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101817
3. Alam, S. (2010). Globalization, poverty and environmental degradation: sustainable development in Pakistan. Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(3), 103–114.
4. Ali, S., Yusop, Z., Kaliappan, S.R., & Chin, L. (2020). Dynamic common correlated effects of trade openness, FDI, and institutional performance on environmental quality: evidence from OIC countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(11), 11671-11682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07768-7
5. Al-Mulali, U., & Ozturk, I. (2015). The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region. Energy, 84, 382-389.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.004
6. Al-Mulali, U., Saboori, B., & Ozturk, L. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Vietnam. Energy Policy, 76, 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.019
7. Al-Mulali, U., Solarin, S.A., Sheau-Ting, L., & Ozturk, I. (2016). Does moving towards renewable energy cause water and land inefficiency? An empirical investigation. Energy Policy, 93, 303-314.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.03.023
8. Aşıcı, A.A. (2012). Economic growth and its impact on environment: A panel data analysis. Ecological indicators, 24, 324-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.06.019
9. Aşıcı, A.A., & Acar, S. (2018). How does environmental regulation affect production location of non-carbon ecological footprint?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 178, 927-936.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.030
10. Balezentis, T., Li, T., Streimikiene, D., & Balezentis, A. (2016). Is the Lithuanian economy approaching the goals of sustainable energy and climate change mitigation? Evidence from DEA-based environmental performance index. Journal of Cleaner Production, 116, 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.088
11. Baltagi, B.H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. 3rd edition, New York: John Wiley and Sons. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53953-5
12. Barbier, E.B. (2010). A global green new deal: Rethinking the economic recovery. Cambridge University Press. https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/7727
13. Bohringer, C., & Jochem, P.E.P. (2007). Measuring the immeasurable – a survey of sustainability indices. Ecological Economics, 63, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.03.008
14. Boulatoff, C., & Jenkins, M. (2010). Long-term nexus between openness, income and environmental quality. Internaqtional Advences Economics Research, 16 (4), 410-418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-010-9283-y
15. Boulding, K.E. (1966). The economics of the coming Spaceship Earth. In: Jarrett, H. (Ed.), Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy, Johns Hopkins University Press, and Baltimore, MD.
16. Cameron, A.C., & Trivedi, P. K. (2009). Microeconometrics using stata. Published by Stata Press, Likeway Drive, College Station, Texas.
17. Charfeddine, L. (2017). The impact of energy consumption and economic development on ecological footprint and CO2 emissions: evidence from a Markov switching equilibrium correction model. Energy Economics, 65, 355-374.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.05.009
18. Charfeddine, L., & Mrabet, Z. (2017). The impact of economic development and social-political factors on ecological footprint: A panel data analysis for 15 MENA countries. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 76, 138-154.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.031
19. Choi, I. (2001). Unit root tests for panel data. Journal of international money and Finance, 20(2), 249-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5606(00)00048-6
20. Chou, L.C., Zhang, W.H., Wang, M.Y., & Yang, F.M. (2020). The influence of democracy on emissions and energy efficiency in America: New evidence from quantile regression analysis. Energy & Environment, 31(8), 1318–1334. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X19882382
21. Congleton, R. D. (1992). Political institutions and pollution control. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 74, 412–421. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109485
22. Costantini, V., & Monni, S. (2007). Environment, human development and economic growth. Ecological Economics, 64 (4), 867–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.05.011
23. Daly, H.E. (1993). The perils of free trade. Scientific American, 269 (5), 24–29.
24. Destek, M.A., & Sinha, A. (2020). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: Evidence from organisation for economic Co-operation and development countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118537.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118537
25. Din, S.U., Khan, M.Y., Khan, M.J., & Nilofar, M. (2021). Nexus between sustainable developments, adjusted net saving, economic growth, and financial development in South Asian emerging economies. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-14.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-021-00818-6
26. Ehrhardt-Martinez, K., Crenshaw, E.M., & Jenkins, J.C. (2002). Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: A cross-national investigation of intervening mechanisms. Social Science Quarterly, 83 (1), 226–243. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42956283
27. EIA, (2018). Energy information administration. International Energy Outlook. US Department of Energy. Available at: https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/IDN. (Retrieved 14 January 2021).
28. Esty, D.C. (2001). Bridging the trade-environment divide. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(3), 113-130. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2696559
29. Ewing, B., Moore, D., Goldfinger, S., Oursler, A., Reed, A., & Wackernagel, M. (2010). The ecological footprint atlas. Global Footprint Network, Oakland.
30. Fakher, H.A., Ahmed, Z., Acheampong, A.O., & Nathaniel, S.P. (2023). Renewable energy, nonrenewable energy, and environmental quality nexus: An investigation of the N-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve based on six environmental indicators. Energy, 263, 125660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.125660
31. Ganda, F. (2019_a). Carbon emissions, diverse energy usage and economic growth in South Africa: Investigating existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 38(1), 30-46.‏ https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13049
32. Ganda, F. (2019_b). The environmental impacts of financial development in OECD countries: a panel GMM approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(7), 6758-6772.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04143-z
33. Gnègnè, Y. (2009). Adjusted net saving and welfare change. Ecological Economics, 68 (4), 1127–1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.08.002
34. Greene, W.H. (2008). Econometric Analysis. 6^th ed, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
35. Herwartz, H., & Walle, Y.M. (2014). Determinants of the link between financial and economic development: Evidence from a functional coefficient model. Economic Modelling, 37, 417-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.029
36. Im, K.S., Pesaran, M.H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
37. Jackson, T. (2009). Prosperity without Growth: Economics for a Finite Planet. Earthscan Publications Ltd.; 1st edition.
38. Jahanger, A., Usman, M., & Balsalobre‐Lorente, D. (2022). Autocracy, democracy, globalization, and environmental pollution in developing world: fresh evidence from STIRPAT model. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(4), e2753. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2753
39. Khan, I., Hou, F., Le, H.P., & Ali, S.A. (2021). Do natural resources, urbanization, and value-adding manufacturing affect environmental quality? Evidence from the top ten manufacturing countries. Resources Policy, 72, 102109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102109
40. Knight, K.W., & Rosa, E.A. (2011). The environmental efficiency of well-being: A cross-national analysis. Social Science Research, 40(3), 931-949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch. 2010.11.002
41. Larissa, B., Maran, R.M., Ioan, B., Anca, N., Mircea-Iosif, R., Horia, T., Gheorghe, F., Ema Speranta, M. & Dan, M.I. (2020). Adjusted Net Savings of CEE and Baltic Nations in the Context of Sustainable Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(10), 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13100234
42. Levin, A., Lin, C.F., & Chu, C.S.J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
43. Maddala, G.S., & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 631-652. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1631
44. Marin, G., & Mazzanti, M. (2009). The dynamics of delinking in industrial emissions: The role of productivity, trade and R&D. Journal of Innovation Economics and Management, 3, 91–117.
45. Marquart-Pyatt, S.T. (2010). Environmental sustainability: A closer look at factors influencing national ecological footprints. International Journal of Sociology, 40(2), 65-84. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20788546
46. Mazzanti, M., & Zoboli, R. (2009). Municipal waste Kuznets curves: Evidence on socio-economic drivers and policy effectiveness from the EU. Environmental and Resource Economics, 44(2), 203-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-009-9280-x
47. Merko, F., Xhakolli, E., Themelko, H., & Merko, F. (2019). The importance of calculating green GDP in economic growth of a country-case study Albania. International Journal of Ecosystems & Ecology Sciences, 9(3), 469-474. https://doi.org/10.31407/ijees9308
48. Muhammad, S., & Long, X. (2021). Rule of law and CO2 emissions: a comparative analysis across 65 belt and road initiative (BRI) countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123539
49. Muradian, R., & Martinez-Alier, J. (2001). Trade and the environment: from a ‘Southern’ perspective. Ecological Economics, 36 (2), 281–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00229-9
50. Nathaniel, S., & Khan, S.A.R. (2020). The nexus between urbanization, renewable energy, trade, and ecological footprint in ASEAN countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 272, 122709.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122709
51. Özokcu, S., & Özdemir, Ö. (2017). Economic growth, energy, and environmental Kuznets curve. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 639-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser. 2017.01.059
52. Pao, H.T., & Tsai, C.M. (2011). Multivariate Granger causality between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, FDI (foreign direct investment) and GDP (gross domestic product): evidence from a panel of BRIC (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, and China) countries. Energy, 36(1), 685-693.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.09.041
53. Pardi, F., Md.Salleh, A., & Nawi, A.S. (2015). A conceptual framework on adjusted net saving rate as the indicator for measuring sustainable development in Malaysia. Journal of Technology Management and Business, 2 (2), 1-10.
54. Park, H. M. (2011). Practical guides to panel data modeling: A step by step analysis using stata, International University of Japan, Public Management & Policy Analysis Program.
55. Pierse, R.G., & Shell, A.J. (1995). Temporal aggregation and the power of tests for unit root. Journal of Econometrics, 65, 335– 345. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(93)01589-E
56. Poltarykhin, A.L., Alekseev, A.E., Kudryavtsev, V.V., Makhanova, T.A., Voronkova, O.Y., & Aydinov, H.T. (2018). Prospects for the development of the green economy of russian federation. European Research Studies, 21(4), 470-479.‏
57. Roeland, A., & de Soysa, I. (2021). Does Egalitarian Democracy Boost Environmental Sustainability? An Empirical Test, 1970–2017. Journal of Sustainable Development, 14(2), 163.‏
58. Sanchez, E.Y., Represa, S., Mellado, D., Balbi, K.B., Acquesta, A.D., Colman Lerner, J.E., & Porta, A.A. (2018). Risk analysis of technological hazards: Simulation of scenarios and application of a local vulnerability index. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 352, 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.03.034
59. Schneider, F., Kallis, G., & Martinez-Alier, J. (2010). Crisis or opportunity? Economic degrowth for social equity and ecological sustainability. Introduction to this special issue. Journal of Cleanear Production, 18(6), 511–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.01.014
60. Siche, J.R., Agostinho, F., Ortega, E., & Romeiro, A. (2008). Sustainability of nations by indices: Comparative study between environmental sustainability index, ecological footprint and the emergy performance indices. Ecological Economics, 66(4), 628–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ecolecon.2007.10.023
61. Singh, R.K., Murty, H.R., Gupta, S.K., & Dikshit, A.K. (2012). An overview of sustainability assessment methodologies. Ecological Indicators, 15, 281–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ecolind.2011.01.007
62. Slesnick, D.T. (2020). GDP and social welfare: an assessment using regional data. Measuring Economic Growth and Productivity, Foundations, KLEMS Production Models, and Extensions, 481-508.
63. Steininger, K. (1994). Reconciling trade and environment: towards a comparative advantage for long-term policy goals. Ecological Economics, 9(1), 23-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(94)90014-0
64. Tisdell, C. (2001). Globalisation and sustainability: Environmental Kuznets curve and the WTO. Ecological Economics, 39(2), 185-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00234-8
65. Ulucak, R., & Bilgili, F. (2018). A reinvestigation of EKC model by ecological footprint measurement for high, middle and low income countries. Journal of cleaner production, 188, 144-157.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.191
66. (2000). Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting – An Operational Manual. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
67. Venevsky, S., Chenxi, L.U., Xiaoliang, S.H.I., Lingyu, W.A.N.G., Wright, J.S., & Chao, W. U. (2020). Econometrics of the environmental Kuznets curve: testing advancement to carbon intensity-oriented sustainability for eight economic zones in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 124561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124561
68. Wang, Y., Kang, L., Wu, X., & Xiao, Y. (2013). Estimating the environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint at the global level: A spatial econometric approach. Ecological Indicators, 34, 15-21.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.03.021
69. Weinzettel, J., Steen, K.G., Hertwich, E., Borucke, M., & Galli, A. (2014). Ecological footprint of nations: Comparison of process analysis, and standard and hybrid multiregional input–output analysis. Ecological Economics, 101, 115-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.02.020
70. World Bank. (2020). The World Development Indicators online database. Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=world-development indicators&preview=on#
71. World Economic Forum. (2001). Environmental Sustainability Index, The World Economic Forum Retrieved from http://www.ciesin org/indicators/ESI/index.html.
72. Yang, X., Lou, F., Sun, M., Wang, R., & Wang, Y. (2017). Study of the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and the economic growth of Russia based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Applied Energy, 193, 162-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.034
73. York, R., Rosa, E.A., & Dietz, T. (2003). STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: Analytic tools unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts. Ecological Economics, 46(3), 351-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00188-5
74. Zafar, M.W., Shahbaz, M., Sinha, A., Sengupta, T., & Qin, Q. (2020). How renewable energy consumption contribute to environmental quality? The role of education in OECD countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 268, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122149