Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Yield, Fruit Quality and Water Use Efficiency of Grapes cv. Turkmen-4

آب و خاک

Article 3, Volume 38, Issue 1 - Serial Number 93, March and April 2024, Pages 37-49   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jsw.2024.86374.1369

Authors

M. Zokaee Khosroshahi^{* 1}; K. Parvizi²

¹Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran

²Horticulture Crops Research Department, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Hamedan, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Water is a critical factor for the growth and fruiting of the grapevines. Considering the water scarcity crisis in Iran and most parts of the world in recent years, it is necessary to apply methods such as deficit irrigation for the optimal management of water use in agriculture. It has been determined that by deliberately reducing water consumption in vineyards, it is possible to preserve the existing water resources and improve the water use efficiency.
 
Materials and Methods
A research was carried out in summer 2023 in a randomized complete block design with three replications on 8-year-old vines of the Turkmen-4 variety, to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation levels on the quantitative and qualitative traits and water use efficiency of grapevines. The vines were planted with 2 x 4 meter intervals, were trained as a vertical trellis on a bilateral cordon system, and the vineyard was irrigated by drip irrigation. The experimental treatments included full irrigation (providing 100% of vine water requirement; as control), 25% deficit irrigation (providing 75% of vine water requirement) and 50% deficit irrigation (providing 50% of vine water requirement). Irrigation of the vineyard started from May 22 and continued until November 6 at 7-day intervals, according to the conventional procedure. The water requirement of each vine in non-stressed condition was calculated by a class A evaporation pan based on reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (Kc) throughout the season. Then, the amount of water for each treatment was determined according to the irrigation levels in the treatments and applied in volume form.
 
Results and Discussion
The amounts of water consumption of control, 25% and 50% deficit irrigation treatments were 5140, 3855 and 2570 m³ per hectare, respectively. The results showed that irrigation levels had a significant effect on the berries length, berries diameter, cluster length, cluster width, berries weight, cluster weight, sugar percentage, chlorophyll index, relative water content, midday leaf water potential, vegetative growth, vine yield, yield index and water use efficiency. The 25% and 50% deficit irrigation treatments caused a decrease of 7.2% and 14.2% of the berry length compared to full irrigation, respectively. Also, these treatments caused a reduction of 8.3% and 13.9% of the berry diameter, respectively. While the 25% deficit irrigation treatment had no significant effect on the berries sugar content (°Brix), the 50% deficit irrigation treatment caused a significant decrease (5%) in sugar content compared to the control. Both relative water content and midday water potential of the leaves decreased significantly with the reduction of irrigation levels. Reducing the level of irrigation led to a significant decrease in the SPAD index and vine vegetative growth. Increasing the intensity of deficit irrigation had a significant negative effect on yield components including berry weight, cluster weight, vine yield and yield index. The highest and lowest yields were obtained from full irrigation and 50% deficit irrigation, respectively but the effect of 25% deficit irrigation on yield reduction was not significant. Although the 25% and 50% deficit irrigation treatments caused a 5.8% and 27.5% decrease in vine yield, respectively but these treatments increased water use efficiency by 34% and 44.5%, respectively compared to the control. The lowest water use efficiency was related to the control (3.53 kg of fresh fruit per cubic meter of water used), while the water use efficiency of vines under 25% and 50% deficit irrigation was 4.73 and 5.10 kg of fruit per cubic meter of water, respectively. The 25% and 50% deficit irrigation treatments had a statistically significant difference with the control in terms of water use efficiency, but the difference between the two was not significant.
 
Conclusion
In the present study, reducing the volume of irrigation water led to a decrease in vine yield, but what is important is the low yield reduction rate compared to the amount of water consumption. The decrease in vine yield was 5.8% and 27.5%, respectively with a 25% and 50% decrease in water consumption. Also, with 25% and 50% reduction in water consumption, the yield index decreased by 6.1% and 27.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, the water use efficiency of vines increased by 34% and 44.5% in response to 25% and 50% deficit irrigation treatments, respectively. It is recommended to apply 25% deficit irrigation to increase the water use efficiency of Turkmen-4 grapes in climatic conditions of Malayer, but 50% deficit irrigation leads to a decrease in quality of grapes.
 
 

Keywords

Drought stress; Grapevine; Irrigation; Water crisis; Water use management

References

1. Alatzas, A., Theocharis, S., Miliordos, D.E., Kotseridis, Y., Koundouras, S., & Hatzopoulos, P. (2023). Leaf removal and deficit irrigation have diverse outcomes on composition and gene expression during berry development of Vitis vinifera cultivar Xinomavro. OENO One, 57(1), 289-305. https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.1. 7191
2. Alizadeh, A., & Kamali, G. (2008). Crops water requirements in Iran. Imam Reza University, Mashhad, Iran, 228 pages. (In Persian)
3. Arji, I., Mahnam, S., & Hadavi, I. (2019). Effect of reduced irrigation and pruning severity on quality and quantity of Yaghooti grape in the environmental condition of Sarpole Zehab, Kermanshah province. Plant Production Technology, 19(1), 89-102. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22084/ppt.2017.9998.1568
4. Bassoi, L.H., Correia, J.S., Dos Santos, A.R.L., Silva, J.A., & Costa, B. (2015). Deficit irrigation in grapevine cv. Syrah during two growing seasons in the Brazilian semiarid. Journal of the Brazilian Association of Agricultural Engineering, 35(3), 430-441. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agríc.v35n3p430-441/2015
5. Bassoi, L.H., de Melo Chaves, A.R., & Teixeira, R.P. (2021). Responses of ’Syrah’ grapevine to deficit irrigation in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Agricultural Water Management, 258, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat. 2021.107186
6. Bertamini, M., Zulini, L., Muthuchelian, K., & Nedunchezhian, N. (2006). Effect of water deficit on photosynthetic and other physiological responses in grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Riesling) plants. Photosynthetica, 44(1), 151-154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-005-0173-0
7. Calderan, A., Sivilotti, P., Braidotti, R., Mihelcic, A., Lisjak, K., & Vanzo, A. (2021). Managing moderate water deficit increased anthocyanin concentration and proanthocyanidin galloylation in “Refosk” grapes in Northeast Italy. Agricultural Water Management, 246, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106684
8. DeGaris, K.A., Walker, R.R., Loveys, B.R., & Tyerman, S.D. (2015). Impact of deficit irrigation strategies in a saline environment on Shiraz yield, physiology, water use and tissue ion concentration. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 21(3), 468-478. https://doi.org/1111/ajgw.12151
9. Di Vaio, C., Cirillo, C., Boselli, M., & Masi, E. (2001). Dry matter accumulation and partitioning of Cabernet Sauvignon pot-grown vines under different water regimes. Advanced in Horticulture Science, 15, 25-30.
10. Doulati Baneh, H., & Nourjou, A. (2008). The effect of different levels of irrigation on the yield and quality of six grape varieties. Final report of the research project. Agricultural Research and Education Organization, 29 Pages. (In Persian)
11. Doulati Baneh, H., & Nourjou, A. (2012). Effect of deficit irrigation on quantitative and quality traits of fruit and water productivity of three grapevine cultivars. Seed and Plant Production, 2-27(4), 435-450. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22092/SPPJ.2017.110447
12. Duan, B., Ren, Y., Zhao, Y., Merkeryan, H., Su-Zhou, C., Li, Y., Mei, Y., & Liu, X. (2021). An adequate regulated deficit irrigation strategy improves wine astringency perception by altering proanthocyanidin composition in Cabernet Sauvignon grapes. Scientia Horticulturae, 285(110182), 1-10. https://doi.org/1016/j.scienta.2021. 110182
13. Du, T.S., Kang, S.Z., Zhang, J.H., Li, F.S., & Yan, B.U. (2008). Water use efficiency and fruit quality of table grape under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 95, 659-668. https://doi.org/ 1016/j.agwat.2008.01.017
14. Edwards, E.J., & Clingeleffer, P.R. (2013). Interseasonal effects of regulated deficit irrigation on growth, yield, water use, berry composition and wine attributes of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 19, 261-276. https://doi.org/1111/ajgw.12027
15. Emdad, M. (2017). Deficit irrigation in the form of partial root-zone drying; a solution to increase the water use efficiency in orchards. Soil and Water Research Institute, publication No. 52583, 13 pages. (In Persian)
16. Fattahi-Naghani, F., Ghobadinia, M., Mohammadkhani, A., & Nori Emamzadeie, M. (2019). Effect of irrigation management (system type and water stress) on yield and physiological indices of grapes (case study: Naghang region). Journal of Water and Soil, 32(6), 1069-1080. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/ 10.22067/JSW.V32I6.67733
17. Herrera, J.C., Bucchetti, B., Sabbatini, P., Comuzzo, P., Zulini, L., Vecchione, A., Peterlunger, E., & Castellarin, S.D. (2015). Effect of water deficit and severe shoot trimming on the composition of Vitis vinifera Merlot grapes and wines. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 21, 254-265. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12143
18. Jolaini, M. (2006). Investigation of the effect of drip irrigation methods and different levels of water on yield and water use efficiency of grape. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 7(28), 69-78. (In Persian with English abstract)
19. Ju, Y., Yang, B., He, S., Tu, T., Min, Z., Fang, Y., & Sun, X. (2019). Anthocyanin accumulation and biosynthesis are modulated by regulated deficit irrigation in Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis Vinifera) grapes and wines. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 135, 469-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.013
20. Kaboli, S., Hekmatzadeh, A.A., Darabi, H., & Torabi Haghighi, A. (2021). Variation in physical characteristics of rainfall in Iran, determined using daily rainfall concentration index and monthly rainfall percentage index. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 144, 507-520. https://doi.org/1007/s00704-021-03553-9
21. Kirnak, H., Kaya, C., Tas, I., & Higgs, D. (2001) The influences of water deficit on vegetative growth, physiology, fruit yield and quality in eggplants. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology, 27(3-4), 34-46.
22. Lizama, V., Perez-Alvarez, E.P., Intrigliolo, D.S., Chirivella, C., Alvarez, I., & Garcia-Esparza, M.J. (2021). Effects of the irrigation regimes on grapevine cv. Bobal in a Mediterranean climate: II. Wine, skins, seeds, and grape aromatic composition. Agricultural Water Management, 256(107078), 1-15. https://doi.org/1016/j.agwat. 2021.107078
23. Lovarelli, D., Bacenetti, J., & Fiala, M. (2016). Water footprint of crop productions: a review. Science of the Total Environment, 548-549, 236-251. https://doi.org/1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.022
24. Martinez-Moreno, A., Perez-Alvarez, E.P., Intrigliolo, D.S., Miras‑Avalos, J.M., Lopez‑Urrea, R., Gil‑Munoz, R., Lizama, V., Garcia‑Esparza, M.J., Alvarez, M.I., & Buesa, I. (2023). Effects of deficit irrigation with saline water on yield and grape composition of Vitis vinifera cv. Monastrell. Irrigation Science, 41, 469-485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-022-00795-x
25. Ma, X., Han, F., Wu, J., Ma, Y., & Jacoby, P.W. (2023). Optimizing crop water productivity and altering root distribution of Chardonnay grapevine (Vitis vinifera) in a silt loam soil through direct root-zone deficit irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 277, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.108072
26. Medrano, H., Tomas, M., Martorell, S., Escalona, J.M., Pou, A., Fuentes, S., Flexas, J., & Bota, J. (2014). Improving water use efficiency of vineyards in semi-arid regions: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35, 499-517. https://doi.org/1007/s13593-014-0280-z
27. Miras-Avalos, J.M., & Intrigliolo, D.S. (2017). Grape composition under abiotic constrains: water stress and salinity. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1-8. https://doi.org/3389/fpls.2017.00851
28. Mousavi, A., Ardalan, A., Takian, A., Ostadtaghizadeh, A., Naddafi, K., & Massah Bavani, A. (2020). Climate change and health in Iran: a narrative review. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 18(9676), 1-12. https://doi.org/1007/s40201-020-00462-3
29. Perez-Alvarez, E.P., Intrigliolo Molina, D.S., Vivaldi, G.A., Garcia-Esparza, M.J., Lizama, V., & Alvarez, I. (2021). Effects of the irrigation regimes on grapevine cv. Bobal in a Mediterranean climate: I. Water relations, vine performance and grape composition. Agricultural Water Management, 248, 1-13. https://doi.org/1016/ j.agwat.2021.106772
30. Romero, P., & Martinez-Cutillas, A. (2012). The effects of partial root-zone irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation on the vegetative and reproductive development of field-grown Monastrell grapevines. Irrigation Science, 30, 377-396. https://doi.org/1007/s00271-012-0347-z
31. Romero, P., Munoz, R.G., Fernandez-Fernandeza, J.I., del Amor, F.M., Martinez-Cutillasa, A., & Garcia-Garcia, J. (2015). Improvement of yield and grape and wine composition in field-grown Monastrell grapevines by partial root zone irrigation, in comparison with regulated deficit irrigation Pascual. Agricultural Water Management, 149, 55-73. https://doi.org/1016/j.agwat.2014.10.018
32. Santesteban, L.G., Miranda, C. & Royo J.B. (2011). Regulated deficit irrigation effects on growth, yield, grape quality and individual anthocyanin composition in Vitis vinifera cv. Tempranillo. Agricultural Water Management, 98, 1171-1179. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.02.011
33. Santesteban, L.G., Miranda, C., Urrestarazu, J., Loidi, M., & Royo, J.B. (2017). Severe trimming and enhanced competition of laterals as a tool to delay ripening in Tempranillo vineyards under semiarid conditions. Oeno One, 51(2), 191-203. https://doi.org/20870/oeno-one.2017.51.2.1583
34. Sun, R., Ma, J., Sun, X., Zheng, L., & Guo, J. (2023). Responses of the leaf water physiology and yield of grapevine via different irrigation strategies in extremely arid areas. Sustainability, 15(2887), 1-15. https://doi.org/3390/ su15042887
35. Tong, X., Wu, P., Liu, X., Zhang, L., Zhou, W., & Wang, Z. (2021). A global meta-analysis of fruit tree yield and water use efficiency under deficit irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 260(107321):1-8. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107321
36. Uriarte, D., Intrigliolo, D.S., Mancha, L.A., Valdes, E., Gamero, E., & Prieto, M.H. (2016). Combined effects of irrigation regimes and crop load on Tempranillo grape composition. Agricultural Water Management, 165, 97-107. https://doi.org/1016/j.agwat.2015.11.016
37. Valdes, M.E., Talaverano, M.I., Moreno, D., Prieto, M.H., Mancha, L.A., Uriarte, D., & Vilanova, M. (2019). Effect of the timing of water deficit on the must amino acid profile of Tempranillo grapes grown under the semiarid conditions of SW Spain. Food Chemistry, 292, 24-31. https://doi.org/1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.046