Strengthening of soda-lime glasses using field-assisted ion exchange

مهندسی متالورژی و مواد

Article 1, Volume 35, Issue 3 - Serial Number 35, October 2024, Pages 1-16   

Document Type: Original Articles

DOI: 10.22067/jmme.2024.84990.1127

Authors

Omid Banapour Ghaffari; Amirreza Fadaei; Pouriya lotfipoor; Bijan Eftekhari Yekta^*

School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 1684613114, Iran.

Abstract

The strength of glasses increases during an ion exchange experiment because of the significant surface compression that arises from the replacement of larger alkali ions into the smaller host alkali ion site. The application of an external energy source, such as an electric field, has the potential to enhance the efficiency of the ion exchange process. This study examines the enhancement of the mechanical strength of soda-lime glasses through the utilization of the electric field-assisted ion exchange technique. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of temperature, time, and electric field on enhancing the strength of the raw glasses. The sample exhibits the greatest strength and highest hardness number when subjected to a temperature of 400 °C and an electric field intensity of 2000 V/cm for a duration of 10 minutes. The results indicate that the samples exhibited a strength that exceeded four times the initial strength of the raw sample. Additionally, there was an observed increase in the hardness of the samples, with values ranging from 550±50 kgf/mm2 to 750±50 kgf/mm2. Furthermore, it has been observed that the case depth has attained a magnitude of 11 μm in specimens subjected to an electric field strength of 2000 V/cm for a mere duration of 10 minutes while being maintained at a temperature of 400 °C. Notably, in the absence of an electric field, the chemically tempered samples exhibit a depth of 3 micrometers at temperature settings of 400 °C for a duration of 240 minutes.

Keywords

Strengthening of glass; Electric field-assisted ion exchange; Mechanical properties; Calculation of compressive stress

References

[1] K. V. Arun, and C. M. John, “Fundamentals of inorganic glass making,” Elsevier, pp. 631-685, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-04281-7

[2] J. Spirkova, P. Tresnakova-Nebolova, and M. Mika, "Optical waveguides fabricated by transition element ions exchange in some commercial and special optical glasses," Optical Materials, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 101-107, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-3467(03)00257-X

[3] V. K. Marghussian, Glass, structure, properties and application (In Persian). Iran University of Science & Technology, 2002.

[4] W. H. Zachariasen, "The atomic arrangement in glass," Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 3841-38511932. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01349a006

[5] T. Findakly, "Glass waveguides by ion exchange: a review," Optical engineering, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 244-250, 1985.

[6] A. Tervonen, B. R. West and S. Honkanen, "Ion-exchanged glass waveguide technology: a review," Optical Engineering, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 071107-071107, 2011.

[7] R. V. Ramaswamy, and R. Srivastava, "Ion-exchanged glass waveguides: a review," Journal of lightwave technology, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 984-1000, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1109/50.4090

[8] H. Yoshida, and T. Kataoka, “Migration of two ions during electrolysis of glass waveguide,” Journal of applied physics, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 1739-1743, 1985. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.336022

[9] E. Cattaruzza, V. M. Caselli, M. Mardegan, F. Gonella, G. Bottaro, A. Quaranta, G. Valotto, and F. Enrichi, "Ag+↔ Na+ ion exchanged silicate glasses for solar cells covering: down-shifting properties," Ceramics International, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 7221-7226, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.02.060

[10] J. E. Broquin, and S. Honkanen, "Integrated photonics on glass: A review of the ion-exchange technology achievements," Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 4472, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104472

[11] J. Kosikova, "Optical waveguides prepared by ion exchange technique,"  Photonics Devices and Systems II, vol. 5036: SPIE, pp. 315-32, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.498528

[12] L. Wang, J. Feng, K. Lei, X. Zhao, X. Ma, D. Wu, and Y. He, "The effect of substrate thickness on the fluorescence of single-doped Cu+ glass prepared by ion exchange," Ceramics Internationa, vol. 50, no. 9 (Part: B), pp. 15375-15388, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.02.140

[13] M. Lallukka, M. Miola, Z. Najmi, A. Cochis, S. Spriano, L. Rimondini, and E. Verné, "Cu-doped bioactive glass with enhanced in vitro bioactivity and antibacterial properties," Ceramics International, vol. 50, no. 3, (Part: B), pp. 5091-5103, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.11.253

[14] F. Teng, J. Yuan, P. Tian, Q. Zhang, X. Du, Ch. Li, and W. Wang, "Study on the ion-exchange copper-loaded antibacterial glasses," Ceramics International, vol. 48, no. 22, pp. 32798-32803, 2022. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.07.205

[15] D. Guldiren, and S. Aydın, "Antimicrobial property of silver, silver-zinc and silver-copper incorporated soda lime glass prepared by ion exchange," Materials Science and Engineering: C, vol. 78, pp. 826-832, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.134

[16] X. Jiang, C. Li, X. Lin, Z. Zhou, Y. Luo, A. Lu, and Zh. Bai, "Study on the silver-copper containing chemically strengthened antimicrobial glass prepared by ion-exchange," Ceramics International, vol. 50, no. 9, (Part: B), pp. 15490-15501, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.02.027

[17] W. Wang, R. Guo, C. Niu, Z. Zhao, and K. Xu, "Diffusion and release behavior of Ag+ in ion-exchanged antibacterial glaze," International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.14663

[18] O. Banapour Ghaffari, B. Eftekhari Yekta, and M. Zakeri-Nasrabadi, "Estimating “depth of layer” (DOL) in ion-exchanged glasses using explainable machine learning," Materialia, vol. 33, pp. 102027, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2024.102027

[19] K. A. Kirchner, and J. C. Mauro, "Entropy production during ion exchange of glass," Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 107, no. 2, pp. 880-896, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.19534

[20] B. Eftekhari Yekta, and O. Banapour Ghafari, “Electrical Conductivity in the Molten and Glassy States of the Li2(O, Cl2, I2)-B2O3 system,” IUST, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1-9, 2023. DOI: 10.22068/ijmse.3300

[21]R. F. Asfaw, and V. M. Sglavo, " Chemical Tempering of Soda Lime Silicate Glass by Electric Field Assisted Techniques, pp. 509-521, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50349-8_43

[22] S. Karlsson, B. Jonson, and C. Stålhandske, "The technology of chemical glass strengthening-a review," Glass Technology, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 41-54, (2010).

 [23] A. K. Varshneya, "The physics of chemical strengthening of glass: room for a new view," Journal of non-crystalline solids, vol. 356, no. 44-49, pp. 2289-2294, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.05.010

[24] A. Talimian, G. Mariotto, and V. M. Sglavo, "Electric field-assisted ion exchange strengthening of borosilicate and soda lime silicate glass," International Journal of Applied Glass Science, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 291-300, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijag.12266

[25] G. Pintori, and V. M. Sglavo, "Electric-field assisted ion-exchange of innovative float glass," Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 600, pp. 121994, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2022.121994

[26] D. Kapila, and J. Plawsky, "Diffusion processes for integrated waveguide fabrication in glasses: a solid-state electrochemical approach," Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 50, no. 16, pp. 2589-2600, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(95)00115-L

[27]  J. C. Mauro, “Materials Kinetics: Transport and Rate Phenomena,” Elsevier, First Edition, 2020.

[28] İ. Erdem, D. Guldiren, and S. Aydin, "Chemical tempering of soda lime silicate glasses by ion exchange process for the improvement of surface and bulk mechanical strength," Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 473, pp. 170-178, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2017.08.010

[29] V. M. Sglavo, "Chemical strengthening of soda lime silicate float glass: effect of small differences in the KNO 3 bath," International Journal of Applied Glass Science, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 72-82, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijag.12101

[30] G. Macrelli, A. K. Varshneya, and J. C. Mauro, " Thermal treatment of ion-exchanged glass," International Journal of Applied Glass Science, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 7-17, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijag.16590

[31] A. K. Varshneya, and J. C. Mauro, "Fundamentals of inorganic glasses,” Third Edition, 2019.

[32] B. R. Lawn, and E. R. Fuller, " Measurement of thin-layer surface stresses by indentation fracture," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 19, pp. 4061-4067, 1984. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00980772

[32] A. K. Varshneya, "Chemically strengthened lithium aluminosilicate glass having high strength effective to resist fracture upon flexing," ed: Google Patents, 2012.

[34] A. K. Varshneya, G. A. Olson, P. K. Kreski, and P. K. Gupta, "Buildup and relaxation of stress in chemically strengthened glass," Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 427, pp. 91-97, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2015.07.037

[35] M. Wang, M. M. Smedskjaer, J. C. Mauro, G. Sant, and M. Bauchy, "Topological origin of the network dilation anomaly in ion-exchanged glasses," Physical Review Applied, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 054040, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.8.054040

[36] G. Macrelli, A. K. Varshneya, and J. C. Mauro, "Simulation of glass network evolution during chemical strengthening: Resolution of the subsurface compression maximum anomaly," Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 522, p. 119457, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2019.05.033

[37] O. V. Mazurin, B. B. Petroff, S. V. Todorova, A. I. Priven, J. W. P. Schmelzer, and I. S. Gutzow , “Glasses and the glass transition,” John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

[38] J. Shen, D. J. Green, R. E. Tressler, and D. L. Shelleman, "Stress relaxation of a soda lime silicate glass below the glass transition temperature," Journal of non-crystalline solids, vol. 324, no. 3, pp. 277-288, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3093(03)00260-6

[39] J. Seaman, P. Lezzi, T. Blanchet, and M. Tomozawa, " Degradation of ion-exchange strengthened glasses due to surface stress relaxation," Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 403, pp. 113-123, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2014.07.016

[40] A. K. Varshneya, "Mechanical model to simulate buildup and relaxation of stress during glass chemical strengthening," Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 433, pp. 28-30, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2015.11.006

[41] A. Talimian, G. Mariotto, and V. M. Sglavo, "Electric field assisted ion exchange strengthening of borosilicate and soda lime silicate glass," International Journal of Applied Glass Science, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 291-300, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijag.12266

[42] A. Talimian, and V. M. Sglavo, "Electric Field-Assisted Ion Exchange of Borosilicate Glass Tubes," Ion Exchange-Studies and Applications: IntechOpen, 2015.

 [43] N. Takamure, A. Kondyurin, and D. R. McKenzie, "Electric field assisted ion exchange of silver in soda-lime glass: a study of ion depletion layers and interactions with potassium," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 125, no. 17, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5092545