Examining the Impact of Ilḥāq and Innate Training on the Perfection of the Imperfect Souls of the Believers' Children in Barzakh according to Verses and Traditions

جستارهایی در فلسفه و کلام

Volume 56, Issue 1 - Serial Number 112, May 2024, Pages 53-74   

Document Type: Scientific & Research

DOI: 10.22067/epk.2024.82152.1239

Author

Hossein Khaleghipour^*

university of Qom

Abstract

One of the challenging issues in resurrection is the fate of imperfect children in the worlds of barzakh (isthmus) and the hereafter. The children of the believing parents will have a different fate. According to the Qur'anic and narrative evidence, the children of believers will survive and continue to live in the afterlife, and from the perspective of Mullā Sadrā's philosophy, they can, through reaching the status of imaginal immateriality, survive and reach their perfection. Since their souls are not perfected in terms of psychic perfections, they need to become perfected in order to prepare for life in immaterial worlds. According to the verses and traditions, what causes to their perfection is education and ilḥāq (God will join with the believers their Children's imperfect souls); The soul of an immature child is either taught by saints, especially Fātima al-Zahrā (p.b.u.h.) who is the universal soul, to teach them what they could not learn in the world, or the children will join their parents or relatives, which is also related to the aim of education. The result of this paper with a descriptive-analytical method using library sources is that this education and training, either by parents or saints, is done according to the nature of the children on which they were created, and it will make their human talents and characteristics flourish. The method of this training is also in the form of symbols and signs and in the form of solitary words and inspiration of meanings. This training is not a kind of acquired knowledge; rather, it is knowledge by presence.

Keywords

imperfect souls; children; faculty of imagination; ilḥāq; education

References

Fayḍ Kāshānī, Mulā Muḥsin. Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī. Tehran: al-Hādī, Chāp-i Duwum, 1995/1416.

Ḥaqqī Brūsawī, Ismāʻīl ibn Muṣṭafā. Tafsīr Rūḥ al-Bayān. Beirut: Dar Fikr, Chāp-i Awwal, s.d.

Ḥasanzādih Āmulī, Ḥasan. Sharḥ Faṣṣ Ḥikmah ʻIsmatīyah fī Kalimah Fāṭimiyyah. Tehran: Alif, Lām, Mīm, Chāp-i Awwal, 2012/1390.

Ḥūwayzī, ʻAbd ʻAlī ibn Jumʻah. Tafsīr Nūr al-Thaqalayn. ed. Hāshim Rasūlī. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān, Chāp-i Chāhārum, 1994/1415.

Ibn ʻAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf  ibn ʻAbd Allāh. al-Istīʻāb fī Maʻrifa al-Aṣḥāb. researched by  ʻAlī Muḥammad Bajāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1992/1412.

Ibn Bābawayh, Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī. al-Tawḥīd. researched by Sayyīd Hāshim Ḥusaynī Tihrānī, Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1978/1357.

Ibn Bābawayh, Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī. Kitāb Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh. researched by  ʻAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, Chāp-i Duwum, 1993/1413.

Ibn Bābawayh, Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī. Thawāb al-Aʻmāl wa ʻIqāb al-Aʻmāl. Qum: al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, Chāp-i Duwum, 1986/1406.

Ibn Sīnā, Ḥusayn ibn ʻAbd Allāh. al-Ishārāt wa al-Tanbīhāt. Qum: al-Balāgha, 1979/1358.

Ibn Sīnā, Ḥusayn ibn ʻAbd Allāh. al-Mabdaʾ wa al-Maʻād. Tehran: Mūʾassisah-yi Muṭāliʻāt-i Islāmī, 1985/1363.

Ibn Sīnā, Ḥusayn ibn ʻAbd Allāh. Rasāʾil Ibn Sīnā. Istānbūl: Dānishkadih-yi Adabīyāt Istānbūl, 1953/1372.

Imāmī Jumʻah, Sayyid Mahdī; Manṣūrah Sādāt Vidād. Takāmul Ukhravī dar Chashmandāz-i Ṣadrāyī. Tehran: Mūʾassisah-yi Pazhūhīsh Ḥikmat wa Falsafah-yi Irān, Chāp-i Awwal, 2017/1396.

Javādī ʻĀmulī. ʻAbd Allāh. Tasnīm: Tafsīr-i Qurān-i Karīm. Tanẓīm va Virāyish ʻAlī Islāmī, Qum: Asrāʾ, Chāp-i Sivum, 2009/1387.

Kahrīzī, Zahrā, ʿAbbās ʿAlī Manṣūrī, Mujtabā  Bīglarī. “Farjām Nufūs Nāqiṣah az Manẓar Āyāt va Rivāyāt”. Maʿrifat Kalāmī, yr. 11, no. 2 (2021/1399): 89-106.

Khādimī, ʻAyn Allāh, Murtaḍā Ḥāmidī. “Lazzat va Alam Ukhravī dar Falsafah-yi Sīnavī”. Āynih Maʿrifat (Shahid Beheshti University), yr. 9, no. 28 (2012/1390): 1-27.

Khādimī, ʻAyn Allāh, Murtaḍā Ḥāmidī. “Taqsīm Nufūs Ukhravī va Saʻādat yā Shiqāvat ān-hā dar Falsafah-yi Suhravardī”. Insānpazhūhī Dīnī, yr. 7, no. 23 (2011/1389): 71-96.

Kulīnī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb. al-Kāfī. ed. ʻAlī Akbar Ghafārī va Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, Chāp-i Chāhārum, 1987/1407.

Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muḥammad Taqī. Biḥār al-Anwār. Qum: al-wafāʾ. 1983/1403.

Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Tafsīr-i  Numūnah. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i Dahum, 1992/1371.

Manṣūrī, ʿAbbās ʿAlī, Zahrā  Kahrīzī, “Farjām Nufūs Nāqiṣah az Dīdgāh-i Fārābī”. Falsafah, yr. 47, no. 2 (2020/1398): 189-210.

Masʻūdī, Shaykh Muḥammad Fāżil. Asrār al-Fāṭimiyyah. Qum: Zāʾir, 2000/1378.

Mawlāyī, ʿIzzat Allāh. Maʿa al-Rakb al-Ḥusaynī min al-Madīna ilā al-Madīna. Qum: Mithlīya al-Walī al-Faqīh fī  Ḥaras al-Thawra al-Islāmīyya, 1960/1379.

Muṭaharī, Murtażā. al-Tawḥīd. Tehran: Ṣadrā, 2018/1396.

Muṭaharī, Murtażā. Fiṭrat. Tehran: Ṣadrā, 2003/1381.

Muṭaharī, Murtażā. Majmūʿah-yi Āsār. Tehran: Ṣadrā, 2011/1389.

Qumī, ʻAlī  ibn Ibrāhīm. Tafsīr al-Qumī. researched by Ṭayyib Musawī  Jazāʾ irī.  Qum: Dār al-Kitāb. Chāp-i Sivum, 1984/1404.

Qurān-i Karīm. translated by Makārim Shīrāzī, Tehran: Daftar Muṭāliʿāt Tārīkh va Maʿārif-i Islāmī, 2002/1380.

Qurashī Bunābī, ʻAlī Akbar. Qāmūs Qurān. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i Shishum, 1993/1371.

Raḥīmpūr, Furūgh al-Sādāt, Fāṭimah Zāriʻ. “Muqāysih-yi Dīdgāh-i Ibn Sīnā va Mulāṣadrā Pirāmūn Irtibāṭ ʻAql Faʻāl bā Nufūs Baʻd az Marg-i Badan”, Majalah-yi  Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahrkurd University, yr. 7, no. 24-25 (2013/1391): 33-50.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. al-Ḥikma al-Mutaʻālīya fī al-Asfār al-ʻAqlīya al-Arbaʻa. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth al-ʻArabī, Chāp-i Sivum, 1981/1401.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. al-Mabdaʾ wa al-Maʻād. Tehran: Anjuman Ḥikmat va Falsafah-yi Irān, Chāp-i Awwal, 1976/1354.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. al-Shawāhid al-Rubūbīya. translated by Javād Muṣliḥ. Tehran: Surūsh, Chāp Haftum, 2014/1392.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. Tafsīr al-Qurān al-Karīm (Ṣadrā), ed. Muḥammad Khvājavī, Qum: Bīdār, Chāp Duwum, 1988/1366.

Shāhmalikī, Mujtabā. Sarnivisht Arvāḥ dar Barzakh; Pizhūhishī Qurānī, Rivāyī va Kalāmī. Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi Bustān-i Kitāb, 2014/1392.

Suhravardī, Yaḥyā ibn Ḥabash. Majmūʻah-yi Muṣannifāt. Ed. Henry Corbin. Tehran: Pazhūhishgāh-i ʿUlūm-i Insānī va Muṭāliʿāt-i Farhangī, 2002/1380.

Ṭabarī, Muḥammad ibn Jarīr. Jāmiʿ al-Bayān fī Tafsīr al-Qurān. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa. Chāp-i Awwal, 1992/1412.

Ṭabarsī. Faḍl ibn Ḥasan. Tarjamah-yi Tafsīr Majmaʻ al-Bayān. translated by Ḥusayn Nūrī Hamadānī, Tehran: Farāhānī, Chāp-i Awwal, s.d.

Ṭabāṭabāyī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Tarjamah-yi Tafsīr al-Mīzān. translated by Muḥammad Bāqir Musawī. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī,  Chāp-i Panjum, 1996/1374.

Ṭabāṭabāyī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Uṣūl Falsafah va Ravish-i Riʾālīsm. Bā Muqaddamah-yi Murtażā Muṭaharī. Tehran: Ṣadrā, 1970/1390.

Vaḥīd Khurāsānī, Ḥusayn.  Ḥalqah-yi Vaṣl Risālat va Imāmat: Bargiriftah az Bayānāt Ḥażrat Āyat Allāh al-ʿUẓmā Vaḥīd Khurāsānī. Qum: Madrisah-yi Imām Bāqir  al-ʻUlum (AS), Chāp-i Awwal, 2013/1391.