The Status of Acceptance (Qabūl) in Endowment (Waqf)

فقه و اصول (Fiqh va uṣūl)

Article 10, Volume 56, Issue 1 - Serial Number 136, June 2024, Pages 251-271   

Document Type: Original Article

DOI: 10.22067/jfiqh.2022.73901.1383

Authors

Gholamreza Yazdani^* ; Seyed Mohsen Mousavi Far

Assistant professor, Department of law, Razavi University of Islamic Arts, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Iranian Civil Code, in article 56, explicitly considers endowment (waqf) as one of the contracts, necessitating the acceptance of the designated beneficiary (mawqufon_ālayh) for the realization of a specific endowment, and the acceptance of the ruler in case of a general endowment. This is despite the emergence of differing viewpoints among Imāmīya jurists, including the following: 1. Endowment is one of the unilateral obligations (īqāʿāt), thus acceptance is not necessary regarding endowments. 2. Endowment is a contract; thus, acceptance is necessary in its realization in addition to the offer (ījāb).  3. Those who distinguish between specific and general endowments hold that in general endowments acceptance is not necessary, so it is considered a unilateral obligation (īqāʿ), however in specific endowments the acceptance of the designated beneficiary is the necessary condition for the validity of endowment.
The present research uses the analytical-descriptive method and adopts the library approach. The findings show that endowment is one of the unilateral obligations, thus acceptance is not one of its conditions. Therefore, article 56 of the Civil Code needs to be revised.

Keywords

acceptance (Qabūl); endowment (waqf); contract (ʿaqd); unilateral obligation (īqāʿ)

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