News

 Statistics

Number of Journals52
Number of Issues2,123
Number of Articles21,968
Article View94,008,717
PDF Download28,667,590
Rezaie, M., Frozan, M., Emami, M., Kardgar, S., Shirdel, D. (2025). Effective Control of Two-spotted Spider Mite and European Red Mite in Apple Orchards. , 39(1), 13-27. doi: 10.22067/jpp.2024.88690.1197
Maryam Rezaie; Maryam Frozan; Mohamad Emami; Seifollah Kardgar; Davod Shirdel. "Effective Control of Two-spotted Spider Mite and European Red Mite in Apple Orchards". , 39, 1, 2025, 13-27. doi: 10.22067/jpp.2024.88690.1197
Rezaie, M., Frozan, M., Emami, M., Kardgar, S., Shirdel, D. (2025). 'Effective Control of Two-spotted Spider Mite and European Red Mite in Apple Orchards', , 39(1), pp. 13-27. doi: 10.22067/jpp.2024.88690.1197
Rezaie, M., Frozan, M., Emami, M., Kardgar, S., Shirdel, D. Effective Control of Two-spotted Spider Mite and European Red Mite in Apple Orchards. , 2025; 39(1): 13-27. doi: 10.22067/jpp.2024.88690.1197

Effective Control of Two-spotted Spider Mite and European Red Mite in Apple Orchards

پژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران
Article 2, Volume 39, Issue 1 - Serial Number 67, March 2025, Pages 13-27    PDF (1.04 M)
Document Type: Research Article
DOI: 10.22067/jpp.2024.88690.1197
Authors
Maryam Rezaie* 1; Maryam Frozan2; Mohamad Emami3; Seifollah Kardgar4; Davod Shirdel5
1Zoology Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.
2West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Urima, Iran.
3Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Isfahan, Iran
4Agricultural Jahad Organization of Tehran Province, Firouzkoh, Iran.
5East Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tabriz, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction
Two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch and European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) are the most important pests of apple orchards in different parts of Iran. Spider mites suck leaf fluids and chlorophyll, resulting in "bronzed" foliage. Slightly damaged leaves cause little or no adverse effect to crop. Extensive leaf bronzing results in decreased photosynthesis, often causing reduced fruit size, premature drop and reduction in fruit set the following year. The most serious injury occurs in early summer when trees are producing fruit buds for the following season. The spider mite are associated with characteristic webbing on the under surface of the leaf.
 
Materials and Methods
The combination of winter, spring and agricultural control was implemented in the apple orchards of Tehran (Firuzkuh), Isfahan (Semirom), East Azerbaijan (Maragheh) and West Azerbaijan (Urima) provinces in the form of several treatments. In the winter control, when the tips of the buds turn green, by observing the moderate to heavy infestation of red mite eggs in tree branches (80-100 per 2 m), by using (Abamectin (0.5 ml.l-1), Clofentezin (0.5 ml.l-1), Tetradifon (2 ml.l-1), Hexythiazox (0.5 ml.l-1))+Volck oil (2%), Hexythiazox (0.5 ml.l-1)+ Dayaban (2 ml.l-1) and Volck oil were used. In separate treatment, without using winter control, spring control will be used. Spring spraying was done by observing three to five active mite (spider mite or red mite) stages on the surface of each leaf. We used Envidor speed 0.4 ml.l-1, Danisaraba 1 ml.l-1 and Abamectin 0.5 ml.l-1 for spring treatments. The percentage of mite mortality after treatment was analyzed separately in different regions. In this research, the effect of early spring or winter plowing on the population of spider mites was investigated in different provinces. The meteorological data in the year of the experiment (air temperature, air humidity, air precipitation, soil temperature and soil humidity) were analyzed separately.
 
Results and Discussions
Abamectin, Clofentezin, Tetradifon, Hexythiazox + Volck oil, Hexythiazox + Dayaban and Volck oil caused a significant reduction of red mite eggs. The time of using acaricides in winter in Tehran, Isfahan, West Azarbaijan and East Azarbaijan provinces was March 16, March 18, March 5 and March 11, respectively. The mean mortality percentage of mites in Isfahan,Tehran, West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan province were 84, 59, 66, 77% respectively. The time of using acaricides in spring treatments in Tehran, Isfahan, West Azarbaijan and East Azarbaijan provinces was Jun 3, Jun17, Jun19 and Jun 26, respectively. In Isfahan province, the mortality percentage of mites with Envidor­speed, Cyflumetofen and Abamectin were 72.28, 82.46 and 74.88% in European red mites and 68.18, 79.44 and 77.88% for two-spotted spider mite. In Tehran province, the mentioned pesticides caused 75.78, 76.54 and 73.27% mortality for European red mites and 68.75, 80.56, 79.37 % in two-spotted spider mite in thirty days after treatment. In West Azarbaijan province and East Azarbaijan province has been a significant decrease in the mite population, the percentage of red mite mortality in these provinces were 85.39 and 92.00% when used Envidor­speed 0.4 ml.l-1 and the percent mortality were 92.27 and 85.20% when used Cyflumetofen 1 ml.l-1. The percentage of spider mite mortality in these provinces were 81.29 and 89.00% (used Envidor­speed), 92.27 and 87.23% (used Cyflumetofen). In East Azarbaijan province, the acaricides were used the pest management program (codling moth and Powdery mildew) and Envidorspeed and Cyflumetofen were used to control mites.
 
Conclusions
 The difference in the outbreak time of the two-spotted spider mite and the European red mite was due to different weather conditions in the studied areas. The difference in the percentage of mortality of the mite pests was due to the change of weather conditions in the winter of the previous year in the investigated areas. The time to use acaricides in winter and spring treatments depends on the region and its weather conditions. In winter, control was done earlier in West Azarbaijan province than in other regions, which was due to the warmer winter in the year under review. The amount of rain and wind also affects the control time. In spring, in Tehran province, the time to use acaricides was earlier than in other regions, the reason being that this region is warmer. Winter control showed an acceptable effect to control of European red mite and spring control showed a similar effect to control of Two-spotted spider mite.
Keywords
Acaricide; Mortality; Pest mite; Volck oil; Winter control
References
  1. Arbabi, M., Baradaran, P., & Khorramshahi, M. (1997). Harmful agricultural mites in Iran. Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute, 27 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)
  2. Arbabi, M., Kamali, H., & Shahrokhi, M.R. (2003). Evaluating Fenazaquin 20% SC new acaricide against Panonychus ulmi Koch in apple orchards of Chenaran of Mashhad. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 6, 51-56. (in Persian with English abstract)
  3. Arbabi,, Koroshnejad, A., Emami, M.S., Taghizadeh, M., & Akbarzadeh-Shokat, G.H. (2009). Study on some control aspects of new acaricide (Spirodiclofen SC 240) in control of apple mite pest in Iran. Entomology and Phytopathology Special Issue, pp. 81-100. (in Persian with English abstract)
  4. Arbabi,, Shirdel, R., Emami, M.S., Rahmi, H., Asari, M.J., & Baradaran, P. (2014). Evaluation of efficacy of acaricide Spiromesifen SC 240 in control of vegetable spider mite. Pesticides in Plant Protection Sciences, 1(1), 51−61. (in Persian with English abstract)
  5. Ardeshir, F., Hedari, A., Namvar, P., Mahdavi, V., & Sheikhi, A. (2021). Efficiency and residue levels of a new acaricide, cyflumetofen (Danisaraba® SC, 20%) for control of Tetranychus urticae on greenhouse cucumber. Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection, 10(2), 71-78. (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/22034/arpp.2021.12778
  6. Auger,, Guichou, S., & Kreiter, S. (2003). Variations in acaricidal effect of wettable sulfur on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae): Effect of temperature, humidity and life stage. Pest Mangement Science, 59(5), 559–565. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.665
  7. Bayat,H., & Parsi, B. (1980). Study of European red mite in Gorgan and Gonbad. Entomology and Phytopathology, 48, 67−74. (in Persian with English abstract).
  8. Fakeer, M.M., Salman, A.M., & Eraky, S.A. (2019). Evauation of five recommended acaricides against the old-world date mite, Oligonychus afrasioaticus (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) infesting date palm under field conditions in the new valley Egypt. Assiut Journal of Agricultural Saiences, 50(1), 81−87. Doi: 10.21608/ajas.2019.33461
  9. Ghaibi, M., & Taheri, Y. (2013). The effect of Envidor speed acaricide against fig mite (Eotetranychus hirsti (Acari: Tetranycidae). Reseaches in Medicinal Plants, 6(3), 211−223.
  10. Henderson, C.F., Tilton, E.W. (1955). Test with acaricides against the brow wheat mite. Journal of Economic Entomology, 48, 157−161. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/48.2.157
  11. Haddadi, A., Mifakharaei, S., & Aramideh, S. (2019). Effects of Abamectin, volk oil, detergent and sulfur in control of grape Erineum mite, Colomerus vitis Pagenstecher (Acari: Eriophyidae) in vineyards of West-Azerbaijan province, Iran. Annals of Biology, 35(1), 94−104. http://irdoi.ir/117-033-812-964
  12. Khalkhali, M., Amiri, B., & Shafie, F. (2018). Evaluation and comparison of the effect of the new new toxin Cyflumetofen with abamectin, tendaxir and velvety oil to reduce the adult population of red citrus mite Panunychus citri 1st National Conference on Industry and commercialization of Agriculture, December 17-18, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, 10 pp. (in Persian with English abstract). Kramer, T., & Nauen, R. (2011). Monitoring of spirodiclofen susceptibility in field populations of European red mites, Panonychus ulmi(Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae), and the cross-resistance pattern of a laboratory-selected strain. Pest Management Science, 67(10), 1285−1293. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2184
  13. Lolfalizadeh, H., & Khalghani, J. (2010). IPM in Apple orchards. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, 156 pp.
  14. Joshi, N.K., Phan, N.T., & Biddinger, D.J. (2023). Management of Panonychus ulmi with various miticides and insecticides and their toxicity to predatory mites conserved for biological mite control in Eastern U.S. apple orchards. Insects, 14, https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14030228
  15. Marecic, D., Peric, P., & Milenkovic, S. (2011). Acaricides – biological profiles, effects and uses in modern crop protection. In M. Stoytcheva (Ed.) Pesticides - Formulations, Effects, Fate. Biological Profiles, Effects and Uses in Modern Crop Protection, 39–62. https://doi.org/13140/2.1.2790.3042
  16. Moradi, M., Kheradmand, K., Mosallanejad, H., & Fathipour, Y. (2018). Sublethal effects of cyflumetofen on demographic parameters of Tetranychus urticae koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on cucumber. 23 th Iranian Plant Protection Congress. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,Gorgan, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract).
  17. Mustaan, M. (1987). European red mite and how to control it. The Haraz Extension and Technology Development Center, 13 pp. (in Persian).
  18. SAS (2013). Version 9.4. SAS Institute Inc. Cary. Nc. USA.
  19. SPSS (2012). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Crop, 2012.
  20. Rahmani, H.R., Saboori, A., & Hajiqanbar, H.R. (2012). Acarology (Morphology, Biology and Systematics). University of Zanjan Press, Zanjan, Iran. 569 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)
  21. Rezaie, M., Kamalie, H., Shirdel, D., & Akbarzadhe Shokat, G.A. (2019). Efficiency of new acaricide Envidor speed (24% SC) compared with the common acaricides for control European red mite in apple orchards of West and East Azerbajian and Khorasan provinces. Journal of Animal Environment, 11(3), 257−
  22. Rezaie, M., Emami, M.S., Frozan, M., Shirdel, D., & Kamali, H. (2020). Efficiency of Spiromesifen and Cyflumetofen for control of European red mite in apple orchards of some Provinces in Iran. Journal of Applied Researches in Plant Protection, 10(1), 45−55.
  23. Rezaie, M., & JavanNezhad, R. (2020). Modeling the role of climate in distribution of two-spotted spider mite: Case study of Tehran province. Journal of Environmental Sciences Studies, 5(2), 2554−2559.
  24. Rezaie, M., & JavanNezhad, R. (2021). Modeling of geographical-climatic distribution pattern of Tetranychus urticae in the climate of Razavi Khorasan province. Journal of Applied Researches in Plant Protection, 10(2), 37−45. https://doi.org/22034/arpp.2021.13715
  25. Rezaie, M., & JavanNezhad, R. (2023). Modeling the role of climate variables in the distribution of two-spotted spider mite of West Azerbaijan province. Journal of Animal Environment, 15(2), 273−280.
  26. Van Leeuwen, T., Tirry, L., Yamamoto, A., Nauen, R., & Dermouw, W. (2015). The economic importance of acaricides in the control of phytophagous mites and an update on recent acaricide mode of action

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 121, 12−21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.12.009

Statistics
Article View: 576
PDF Download: 178


Journal Management System. Powered by Sinaweb