The Application Time Effect of Imazetapyre, Trifluralin and Oxyflorfen Herbicides on Weed Control and Yield of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

پژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران

Article 6, Volume 38, Issue 4 - Serial Number 66, December 2025, Pages 373-385   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jpp.2024.88225.1192

Authors

Kholod Salemi; Masoumeh Farzaneh^* ; Esfandiar Fateh

Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Among oilseeds, canola is one of the most important oilseed plants in the world. Weeds are a very important competitor and one of the main factors reducing production in canola cultivation. Early control of weeds with pre-emergence herbicides reduces weed damage in canola. A herbicide acts selectively and controls weeds without harming the crop, if applied correctly and at the right time, otherwise, it will not only fail to control the weeds but also reduce the crop yield. Every weed is sensitive herbicides use during a specific growth stage, and if the recommended time for the use of herbicides is not observed, it will cause damage to the yield of the crop. To prevent increasing weed resistance to post-emergence herbicides and diversify timing and mode of action for herbicides, this experiment aimed to investigate the effectiveness of imazathapyr, trifluralin and oxyfluorfen herbicides on rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) weed control.
 
Materials and Methods
In order to investigate pre-emergence herbicides and application time on weed control and canola yield, a research was conducted in the agricultural year 1402-1401 in the research farm of the Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental factors were the type of pre-emergence herbicide at three levels (imazethapyr, trifluralin, oxyfluorfen) and the time of herbicide application at four levels (two weeks before planting, one week before planting, at planting, and one week after planting) along with an unweeded control. The Hyola 50 canola variety was planted on the first of Aban (October 23). The number and dry weight of weeds per square meter were measured by identifying the species and separating broad-leaved and narrow-leaved weeds at five times including 30, 60, 80, 100 days after planting and harvesting time. After ripening of rapeseed plants, seed and biological yield were measured. To estimate the yield components, including the number of plants per square meter, the number of branches and siliques per plant, and the number of seeds per silique, 10 plants were randomly selected from the middle lines of each plot by removing the marginal effects. The data were checked for normality and analyzed using SAS 9.4 software through analysis of variance. The means were separated using the Duncan test at the 5% level of significance.
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that seed yield of canola, under the application of trifluralin herbicide (on average of all four spraying times) and oxyfluorfen herbicide two weeks before planting, increased by 18% and 12%, respectively, compared to the unweeded control. There was a positive correlation between seed yield with the number of plants per square meter at harvest time (90%) and a negative correlation with the number and weight of weeds (between -34 and -39%). The yield components, the number of plants per square meter, the number of branches and siliques per plant, and the number of seeds per silique were also affected by the interaction of the type of herbicide × time of spraying. Among the yield components, there was no significant difference in the thousand-grain weight of canola between the levels of herbicide type, spraying time, and their interaction. The results showed that canola was very susceptible to imazethapyr herbicide at all four application times. Compared to the other two herbicides, imazethapyr caused the highest percentage of canola burn and the lowest number of plants per square meter at harvest time. Imazethapyr also resulted in the lowest seed yield and other yield components. There was no damage to canola plants in the trifluralin herbicide treatment at all four application times and the yield components were superior until harvest. All three herbicides significantly reduced the population of broadleaf and narrowleaf weeds in the canola field compared to the unweeded control at 30 and 60 days after planting. The reduction in the population of broadleaf and narrowleaf weeds continued from 80 days after planting until harvest in trifluralin and oxyfluorfen herbicides, although this effect of reducing the weed population was more pronounced in trifluralin herbicide than in oxyfluorfen herbicide. At the end of the season, the population of both narrow-leaved and broad-leaved weeds increased in plots of rapeseed that had been damaged by the application of the herbicide imazethapyr. This was due to the decrease in interspecific competition.
 
Conclusions
It seems that for early weed control, when rapeseed is growing slowly in the low temperatures of autumn, in addition to the herbicide trifluralin, oxyfluorfen, as a pre-emergence herbicide, can be a good option for further research to introduce it in rapeseed, especially in fields with dominant broad-leaved weeds.

Keywords

Early weed control; Pre-emergence herbicide; The number of plants

References

1. Abbaspoor, M. (2022). Herbicide Screening for weed control in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Journal of Plant Production Research, 29(3), 89-104. (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22069/jopp.2022.19425.2866
2. Ahmad Khan, I., Hassan, G., Marwat, K.B., & Daur, I. (2008). Eefficacy of some pre and post-emergence herbicides on yield and yield components of canola. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(5), 1943-1947
3. Concato, A.C., Galon, L., Sutorillo, N.T., Tamagno, W.A., Paula, M.O., Vanin, A.P., Alves, C., Silva, J.D.G., Concenço, G., Perin, G.F., & Kaizer, R.R. (2022). Does the application of herbicides with distinct mechanisms of action change enzymatic activity and grain yield of Clearfield^® canola? Australian Journal of Crop Science, 16(1), 93-102. https://doi.org/21475/ajcs.22.16.01.p3282
4. Cook, S.K, Ballingall, M., Stobart, R., Doring, T., Berry, P., & Ginsburg, D. (2015). New approaches to weed control in oilseed rape. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282362621
5. Deligios, P.A., Carboni, G., Farci, R., Solinas, S., & Ledda, L. (2018). Low-input herbicide management: Effects on rapeseed production and profitability. Sustainability, 10(7), 2258, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072258
6. Dhammu, H., Seymour, M., Hashem, A., & Bucat, J. (2020). Chemical weed control in canola. https://agric.wa.gov.au/sites/gateway/files/Weed%20Control%20in%20Canola.pdf
7. El-Metwally, I., & Shalaby, S. (2019). Herbicidal efficacy of some natural products and mulching compared to herbicides for weed control in onion fields. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 59(4), 479-485. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24425/jppr.2019.131266
8. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). (2018). FAOSTAT database for agriculture. Available at: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
9. Firouzi, H., Mirshekari, B., & Khorshidi Benam, M.B. (2011). Assessment of interference of growing period of amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus) and lambs quarter (Chenopodium album) on yield and its components of rapeseed. Crop ecophysiology, 5(18), 1-10. (in Persian with English abstract)
10. Gul, B., Marwat, K.B., Saeed, M., Hussain, Z., & Ali, H. (2011). Impact of tillage, plant population and mulches on weed management and grain yield of maize. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43(3), 1603-1606.
11. Harker, K.N., Blackshaw, R.E., Kirkland, K.J., Derksen, D.A., & Wall, D. (2000). Herbicide-tolerant canola: weed control and yield comparisons in western Canada. Canadian journal of plant science, 80(3), 647–654.
12. Haskins, B. (2012). Weed management, using pre-emergent herbicides in conservation farming systems. NSW DPI, District Agronomist, Hillston Broadacre Cropping Unit. Available at: https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/431247/Using-pre-emergent-herbicides-in-conservation-farming-systems.pdf
13. Jabran, K., Farooq, M., Hussain, M., Ehsanullah, Khan, M.B., Shahid, M., & Lee, D.J. (2012). Efficient weeds control with penoxsulam application ensures higher productivity and economic returns of direct seeded rice. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 14(6), 901‒907. https://doi.org/12–405/AKA/2012/14–6–901–907
14. Jhala, A.J., Raatz, L.L., Dexter, J.E., & Hall, L.M. (2010). Adventitious presence: Volunteer flax (Linum usitatissimum) in herbicide-resistant canola (Brassica napus). Weed Technology, 24(3), 244–252. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40801432
15. Kadivar, S.H., Ghavami, M., Gharachorloo, M., & Delkhosh, B. (2010). Chemical evaluation of oil extracted from different varieties of canola. Journal of Food Technology and Nutrition, 7(2), 19-29. https://sid.ir/paper/143261/en
16. Lekhanath, P., Bishnoi, O., Kegode, G., & Cebert, E. (2008). Influence of timing of herbicide application on winter canola performance. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(S), 908-913.
17. Lemerle, D., Luckett, D.J., Wu, H., & Widderick, M.J. (2017). Agronomic interventions for weed management in canola (Brassica napus) – A review. Crop Protection, 95, 69-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2016.07.007
18. Mirshekari, B. (2010). Study effects of different times of weeds control on morphological traits, yield and harvest index of three winter rapeseed cultivars. Electronical Journal of Crop Production, 4(4), 51-66. (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/1001.1.2008739.1390.4.4.4.2
19. Modhej, A., Zarezadeh, H., & farhoudi, R. (2018). Chemical weed control in onion (Allium cepa) under Ramhormoz conditions. Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research, 32(3), 409-417. (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/jpp.v32i3.68514
20. Richards, M. (2019). Winter oilseed rape –integrated weed management. Technical note. TN727. SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG. Pp: 9. Available at: https://www.fas.scot/publication/technical-note-tn727-winter-oilseed-rape-integrated-weed-management/
21. Saadi Al-Kasir, F., Modhej, A., & Farhoudi, R. (2014). (Brief report) Efficiency of doual-purpose herbicides application at different stages on weed control and grain yield of wheat under shoushtar conditions. Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research, 27(4), 513-515. (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/jpp.v27i4.29915
22. Samtani, J.B., Ben Weber, J., & Fennimore, S.A. (2012). Tolerance of strawberry cultivars to oxyfluorfen and flumioxazin herbicides. Horticultural Science, 47(7), 848-851. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.47.7.848
23. Sangeetha, C., Chinnusamy, C., & Prabhakaran, N.K. (2013). Early post-emergence herbicides for weed control in soybean. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 45(2), 140–142
24. Sarani, M., Oveisi, M., Rahimian Mashhadi, H., & Alizadeh, H. (2016). Modelling interactive effects of herbicide application timing and dose for the control of Bromus japonicus in wheat in an arid environment. Weed Research, 56(1), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12182
25. Shivani Grewal, S.K., Gill, R.K., Kaur Virk, H., & Bhardwaj, R.D. (2022). Impact of post-emergent imazethapyr on morpho-physiological and biochemical responses in lentil (Lens culinaris). Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 28(9), 1681-1693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-022-01244-x.
26. Sondhia, S., Khankhane, P.J., Singh, P.K., & Sharma, A.R. (2015). Determination of imazethapyr residues in soil and grains after its application to soybeans. Journal of Pesticide Science, 40(3), 106-110.
27. Tozzi, E., Harker, K.N., Blackshaw, R.E., O’Donovan, J.T., Strelkov, S.E., & Willenborg, C.J. (2015). Late glyphosate applications alter yield and yield components in glyphosate-resistant canola (Brassica napus). Weed Technology, 29(4), 675–683. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43702557
28. US Pesticides- fact sheet for Oxyfluorfen. (2002). United States Environmental Protection Agency Government agency. Available at: https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/fs_PC-111601_1-Oct-02.pdf
29. Younesabadi, M., Nouralizadeh Otaghsara, M., Habibian, L., & Savarinejad, A. (2021). Evaluation the effect of Imazethapyr, Pendimethalin and Oxyfluorfen in soybean weed control. Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research, 35(1), 103-115. (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/jpp.2021.32671.0
30. Yu, L., Eerd, L.L.V., O'Halloran, I., Sikkema, P.H., & Robinson, D.E. (2015). Response of four fall-seeded cover crops to residues of selected herbicides. Crop Protection, 75, 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2015.05.005
31. Zargar, M., Pakina, E.N., & Romanova, E.V. (2014). Herbicide doses and application times in weed suppression on different red bean varieties. APCBEE Procedia, 8, 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2014.03.004
32. Zohrabi, A., Naderidarbaghshahi, M., & Jalalizand, A. (2012). Chemical weed control of autumnal rapeseed in Isfahan (Iran). International Journal of Agricultural Science, 2(8), 696-701.