Production of Biosorbents from Citrus Wastes for Adsorption of Pollutants and Salt from Wastewaters

فصلنامه آب و توسعه پایدار

Article 15, Volume 11, Issue 4 - Serial Number 34, March 2025, Pages 173-182   

Document Type: Case Study

DOI: 10.22067/jwsd.v11i4.2406-1341

Authors

Farbod Papoli Yazdi; Saeed Reza Khodashenas^* ; Mohamad Talati

Department of Water Science and Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Water and wastewater companies must conduct risk assessments and develop management plans to mitigate risks and enhance resilience. This process involves identifying vulnerable assets, associated threats, and the potential consequences for the company and society. Financially justified countermeasures are then proposed to reduce risk and increase resilience. The result of the risk assessment is the development of a risk management plan model. Climate change has significantly impacted water supply systems, particularly in countries like Iran. By monetizing risk impacts, and comparing costs of current risks with those under managed adaptation programs, the operational resilience of a water supply system can be determined. This research examines the current resilience of the JVWCD facility, which serves 220,000 people, using the US Environmental Protection Agency's Climate Resilience Assessment Tool (CREAT). Climate projections for the region were made for 2060 and 2070. Assets and threats were identified, and their financial risks were assessed. Feasible long-term adaptation scenarios were extracted from the CREAT library, and two models, GWM and AIMD-P, were evaluated as adaptation plans until 2060. The evaluations indicated that implementing the GWM model would increase resilience by 68 percent compared to the current situation. If both models are implemented, resilience will increase to 92 percent of the current level, resulting in a financial optimization of 93 million dollars.

Keywords

Resilience; Climate Change; Sustainability; EPA; Water Supply

References

طلعتی، محمد، خداشناس، سعیدرضا، و پاپلی یزدی، فربد. (1402). ارزیابی سناریو‌ها و آگاهی از تاب‌آوری اقلیمی با استفاده از مدل CREAT. مطالعه موردی کالیفرنیا. سومین همایش ملی راهبردهای مدیریت منابع آب و چالش‌‏های زیست محیطی. دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ایران.
Amarasinghe, P., Liu, A., Egodawatta, P., Barnes, P., McGree, J., & Goonetilleke. (2016). Quantitative assessment of resilience of a water supply system under rainfall reduction due to climate change. Journal of Hydrology, 540, 1043-1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.07.021
Cayan, D., Tyree, M., Pierce, D., & Das, T. (2012). Climate Change and Sea Level Rise Scenarios for California Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment. California Energy Commission, 1-28. http://www.energy.ca.gov/2012publications/CEC-500-2012-008/CEC-500-2012-008.pdf
Cimellaro, G. P., Tinebra, A., Renschler, C., & Fragiadakis, M. (2016). New Resilience Index for Urban Water Distribution Networks. Journal of Structural Engineering, 142(8), 4015014-4015011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001433
National Science Council. (2015). Our Changing Planet: The U. S. Global Change Research Program for Fiscal Year 2015 CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. https://www.globalchange.gov/reports/our-changing-planet-us-global-change-research-program-fiscal-year-2015
Crozier, A., Lence, B. J., & Weijs, S. V. (2024). Resilience framework for urban water supply systems planning. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 9(4), 386–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/23789689.2024.2340378
Diao, K., Sweetapple, C., Farmani, R., Fu, G., Ward, S., & Butler., D. (2016). Global resilience analysis of water distribution systems. IWA Water Research,106(12), 383-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.011
Gheisi, A., Forsyth, M., & Naser., G. (2016). Water Distribution Systems Reliability: A Review of Research Literature. American Society of Civil Engineers, 142(11), 04016047. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000690
Hosseini, S., KashBarke, & E.Ramirez-Marquez, J. (2016). A review of definitions and measures of system resilience. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 145, 47-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2015.08.006
Kenneth E, K., Thomas R, K., David R, E., Kelly, R., John, Y., Xungang, Y., & Paula, H. (2013). Probable maximum precipitation and climate change. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(7), 1402-1408. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50334
Kjeldsen,T., Rosbjerg, D. (2004). Choice of reliability, resilience and vulnerability estimators for risk assessments of water resources systems. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 49(5), 755-767 https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.49.5.755.55136
Li, Z., Zhao, H., Liu, J. Zhang, J. (2022). Evaluation and promotion strategy of resilience of urban water supply system under flood and drought disasters. Scientific Reports, 12, 7404. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11436-w
Liu, D., Chen, X., & Nakato, T. (2012). Resilience assessment of water resources system. springer, 2, 3743–3755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0100-7
Mehran, A., Mazdiyasni, O., & AghaKouchak, A. (2015). A hybrid framework for assessing socioeconomic drought:Linking climate variability, local resilience, and demand. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120(15), 7520-7533. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023147
Porse, E., & Lund, J.R. (2016). Network Analysis and Visualizations of Water Resources Infrastructure in California: Linking Connectivity and Resilience. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 142. 04015041. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000556
Qi, M., Feng, M., Sun, T., & Yang, W. (2016). Resilience changes in watershed systems: A new perspective to quantify long-term hydrological shifts under perturbations. Journal of Hydrology, 539, 281-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.039
Richard, G. L. (2002). Controlling Cascading Failure: Understanding the Vulnerabilities of Interconnected Infrastructures. Journal of Urban Technology, 9(1), 109-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/106307302317379855
Rodrigues, F., Borges, M., & Rodrigues., H. (2020). Risk management in water supply networks: Aveiro case study. springer, 27(7), 4598–4611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05797-5
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water. (2018). Case study: Water and wastewater utilities planning for resilience: Jordan Valley Water Conservancy District (JVWCD), Salt Lake County, Utah, (EPA 800-F-18-002). 
Watts, G., Christierson, B. v., Hannaford, J., & Lonsdale, K. (2012). Testing the resilience of water supply systems to long droughts. Journal of Hydrology, 414-415(January), 255-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.10.038