Assessment of Brassica napus Pollen as a Supplement on the Quality of the Predatory Bug Orius laevigatus Fieber (Hem.: Anthocoridae) Reared in Laboratory Conditions

پژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران

Article 3, Volume 39, Issue 1 - Serial Number 67, March 2025, Pages 29-47   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jpp.2024.88727.1198

Authors

Zolikha Mirzakhani¹; Mohammad khanjani^{* 1}; Mohammad Mehrabadi²; Alireza Sazmand³

¹Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

²Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

³Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Pollen grain is an important food alternative and supplementary food for the reproduction of different predators, including predatory bugs. Today, Orius laevigatus Fieber is a commercialy biocontrol agent agains various pests of greenhouse crops, especially western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). This species does not enter reprodctive diapause allows it to successfully suppress thrips populations all year round, it can be an important factor in the integrated pest management of greenhouse pests. The first step in the implementation of a successful biological control program is the basic study of the biology of the biological agents, in order to better understand the behavior, biology, and ecology of insects and improve pest management strategies, it is necessary to study the effect quality of food on the growth, survival and reproduction of predators. These effects could be evaluated by calculating the demographic parameters, especially the intrinsic rate of increase (r) on predatory bug, reminded that the demographic parameters are affected by the quality of artificial diet and are very useful indicators for evaluation the suitability of diet. This research was conducted to study artificial diets on developmental time, fecundity, survival rate, and life table parameters of O. laevigatus and choosing the best suitable diet to optimize the mass rearing of this predatory bug.
 
Materials and Methods
The primary colony of O. laevigatus was obtained from the released buges in the sweet pepper greenhouse located in Flavarjan city, Isfahan Province. Insects reared on five diets including (eggs of Ephestia kuehniella, eggs of Sitotroga cerealella, Canlola pollen, eggs of E. kuehniella + Canola pollen and eggs of S. cerealella + canola pollen), in the growth chamber at 25 ± 1 ˚C, 55 ± 10% RH and a photoperiod 16: 8 h (L: D) and the parameters of age-stage, two sex life table of the insect were determined. The life table study was done with 100 identical eggs of the same age. After hatching, instar nymphs were fed on the mentioned diets every day. The data of Life table were analyzed according to the theory age -stage, two sex life table and statistically significant differences between different levels of diets were performed in the same software using the Paired Bootstrap test method at a five percent probability level.analysis of statistical differences between different levels of competition were performed in the same software using the Paired Bootstrap test method at a probability level of 5%. It should be mentioned that sex ratio on five diets, it was analyzed based on the Chi-Square test in SAS 9.4 software.
 
Results and Discussion
Analyses showed that the type of diet affected the duration of all nymphal period of O. laevigatus significantly. Total developmental time was significantly faster for O. laevigatus that fed on Ephestia kuehniella eggs + canola pollen compared with the other investigated treatments (8.85). Also, the longest development time was recorded when individuals fed on Canola pollen-only, showed a lag of about 8–9 days for females and males. Analysis of age-stage specific survival rate (S_xj) of O. laevigatus reared on different diets showed that although curves were similar among the artificial diets and overlapped with each other. The survival rate of immature and adult stages was highest when fed with E. kuehniella eggs + canola pollen. The highest lifetime fecundity (89.75eggs/female) was recorded for females fed E. kuehniella eggs + canola pollen and was significantly better than all other diets. The next best was Sitotroga cerealella eggs + canola pollen at 54.23 eggs/female. The poorest diet was Canola pollen alone (22.88 eggs/female). The intrinsic rate of a natural increase (r), net reproductive rate (Ro), and gross reproductive rate (GRR) were greater E. kuehniella eggs + canola pollen with than other diets. Research has shown that the reproduction and survival rate of natural enemies (predator/parasitoid) change significantly by feeding on pollen from different plants and this is because of the protein in pollen, which is high in canola pollen.
 
Conclusions
The most obvious finding that emerged from this study is that E. kuehniella eggs plus Canola pollen is the most appropriate diet due to its acceleration the development, high immature stages survivorship, and high reproduction rate. Canola pollen is an accessible and cheap food source that indicated alone was not accepted as suitable food and can be well included in the diet and as a supplementary diet and can also reduce the costs of mass production of the predator.

Keywords

Biological control; Life table; Mass rearing; Optimal diet

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