News

 Statistics

Number of Journals56
Number of Issues2,156
Number of Articles22,498
Article View104,060,681
PDF Download49,995,722
Deilam, Z., Kazemi, H., Niazmoradi, M., Gherekhloo, J. (2025). Evaluation of Environmental Effects of Applied Pesticides on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Fields in Fazel Abad Region, Ali Abad Katool County. , 17(2), 239-264. doi: 10.22067/agry.2025.89253.1207
Zahra Deilam; Hossein Kazemi; Maral Niazmoradi; Javid Gherekhloo. "Evaluation of Environmental Effects of Applied Pesticides on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Fields in Fazel Abad Region, Ali Abad Katool County". , 17, 2, 2025, 239-264. doi: 10.22067/agry.2025.89253.1207
Deilam, Z., Kazemi, H., Niazmoradi, M., Gherekhloo, J. (2025). 'Evaluation of Environmental Effects of Applied Pesticides on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Fields in Fazel Abad Region, Ali Abad Katool County', , 17(2), pp. 239-264. doi: 10.22067/agry.2025.89253.1207
Deilam, Z., Kazemi, H., Niazmoradi, M., Gherekhloo, J. Evaluation of Environmental Effects of Applied Pesticides on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Fields in Fazel Abad Region, Ali Abad Katool County. , 2025; 17(2): 239-264. doi: 10.22067/agry.2025.89253.1207

Evaluation of Environmental Effects of Applied Pesticides on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Fields in Fazel Abad Region, Ali Abad Katool County

بوم شناسی کشاورزی
Article 4, Volume 17, Issue 2 - Serial Number 64, June 2025, Pages 239-264    PDF (2.67 M)
Document Type: Research Article
DOI: 10.22067/agry.2025.89253.1207
Authors
Zahra Deilam1; Hossein Kazemi* 2; Maral Niazmoradi1; Javid Gherekhloo1
1Department of Agronomy , Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Abstract
Introduction
Excessive use of pesticides in agriculture creates many consequences for public health and environmental pollution. Numerous measures have been implemented in pest management and pesticide use to minimize the harmful effects of pesticide products. The Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) has been developed to quantify the risks of pesticides to humans and the environment. We can identify the most detrimental pesticides by measuring such a quotient and then enhancing society's biological health through replacing them with safer alternatives. The environmental effects of pesticide application by using that the environmental impact quotient were considered in this study. This study investigated the environmental effects of pesticides used in wheat and barley fields in Aliabad Katool county, Golestan province.
 
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted in wheat and barley fields in Fazel Abad of Ali Abad Katool County during 2021-2022. For this purpose, 22 wheat fields and 12 barley fields were randomly selected. The information related to pesticide spraying, field area, crop rotation and crop yields was collected from farmers as questionnaires. Then the amount of environmental effect of pesticides per hectare (EIQ-FUR) was obtained from the product of their EIQ value in the amount of effective substance and the consumption amount per hectare.
 
Results and Discussion
According to the results of this study, the highest amount of damage to farm workers is in the group of herbicides related to Bromicide, in the group of insecticides related to Dursban, and in the group of fungicides to Altocombi, Raxil and Folicur determined. Also, Raxil, Folicur and Altocombi fungicides showed more damage to consumers and leaching risk. In addition, two insecticides, Diazinon and Dursban, were introduced as the most dangerous pesticides to environmental organisms. Also, Pumasuper, Altocombi, Folicur, and Raxil were known to be harmful pesticides on ecological components. In general, based on the EIQ index for each pesticide, Altocombi, Pumasuper, Dursban, Diazinon and Folicur were introduced as the most dangerous pesticides. Based on the EIQ index for each pesticide, Altokambi, Pumasuper, Dursaban and Folicor were introduced as the most dangerous pesticides in the fields. Considering the average consumption of pesticides per hectare and the amount of their effective substance in addition to the EIQ index, Inovor (18.48), Dursban (17.83), Bromicide (17.01), Diazinon (16.66), Malathion (13.68), 2,4-D (13.44), Bazagran (13.44) and Artea (13.25) were considered as dangerous pesticides in the region and therefore more planning should be done in using or replacing them.
 
Conclusion
The classification of the environmental impact of pesticides used in the study area indicated that environmental damage was greater in wheat fields than in barley fields. Barley fields fell into the very low to low damage categories, while wheat fields were classified as having moderate damage. This suggests that wheat farmers relied more heavily on chemical pesticides. Considering the necessity of planning for the use of pesticides and informing farmers about the risks of consumption and paying attention to the use of low-damage pesticides, it is suggested that this index be calculated for all pesticides used in the region and the selection of pesticides in integrated pest management programs should be done according to this index.
 
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, wheat and barley farmers, and the Agricultural Jihad Management of Fazel Abad region, Ali Abad Katool county for their cooperation in conducting this research.






 



 
 
Keywords
Consumers; EIQ; Environment; Fungicide; Herbicide; Insecticide
References
  1. Arkin, (2011). Assessing environmental impact quotients for pesticide use on state Highways in Lane County. Oregon Toxice Alliance (OTA), -23. https://www.beyondtoxics.org.
  2. Ansah, B. (2019). Assessment pesticides application and impacts among smallholder cocoa farmers in Western Region-Ghana. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast.
  3. Barzegar, S.M.M. (2019). The effects of poisons and chemical fertilizers on The Soil and The Health of the Biologists. 16th Iranian Soil Science Congress University of Zanjan, Iran, August 27-29.
  4. Bazrgar, A.B., Soltani, A., Koocheki, A., Zeinali, E., & Ghaemi, A. (2013). Evaluation of the environmental impacts of pesticides used in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) production systems in Khorasan provinces. Journal of Agroecology, 5(2), 122-133. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/JAG.V5I2.24463
  5. Carbonari, C.A., & Velini, E.D. (2021). Risk assessment of herbicides compared to other pesticides in Brazil. Advances in Weed Science, 39, e21202032. https://doi.org/10.51694/AdvWeedSci/2021;39:00006.
  6. Cross, P., & Edwards-Jones, G. (2006). Variation in pesticide hazard from arable crop production in Great Britain from 1992 to 2002: Pesticide risk indices and policy analysis. Crop Protection, 25, 1101-1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2006.02.013.
  7. Deihimfard, R., Zand, E., Liaghati, H., & Soufizadeh, S. (2004). Strategies for reducing consumption of herbicides. Environmental Science Journal, 3, 4-25. (In Persian with English abstract).
  8. Doris, S., Mullen, J., Wetzstein, M., & Houston, J. (2011). Environmental impact from pesticide use: A case study of soil fumigation in Florida tomato production. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8, 4649-4661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8124649 .
  9. FAO. (2009). Available online at: http://faostat.fao.org/site/452/default.aspx
  10. Fazel Abad Agricultural Service Center. (2022). Management of crops and horticulture. https://www.ajgol.ir/fa-IR/DouranPortal/1/page/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C
  11. Gios, G., Farinelli, S., Kheiraoui, F., Martini, F., & Orlando, J.G. (2022). Pesticides, crop choices and changes in well-being. Bio-Based and Applied Economics, 11(2), 171-184. https://doi.org/10.36253/bae10310 .
  12. Gizaw, Z. (2019). Public health risks related to food safety issues in the food market: A systematic literature review. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 24(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-019-0825-5
  13. Hoseini, S.A. (2018). Assessing the environmental effects of pesticides used in the wheat, canola, cotton and soybean fields in Gorgan and Ali Abad Katool townships. M.Sc Thesis, College of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. (In Persian with English abstract)
  14. Khosravi, S., & Tohidfar, M. (2014). Reducing the consumption of agricultural toxins and cancer by cultivating transgenic crops. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biosafety, 4(1), 1-10. (In Persian with English abstract). https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.25885073.1394.4.1.5.3
  15. Kniss, A.R., & Coburn, C.W. (2015). Quantitative Evaluation of the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) for comparing herbicides. Plos ONE, 10(6), e0131200. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131200
  16. Kovach, J., Petzoldt, C., Degni, J., & Tette, J. (1992). A method to measure the environmental impact of pesticides. New York's Food and Life Sciences Bulletin, 139, 1–8.
  17. Kumar Kanojia, A., & Sreekesh, S. (2020). Environmental impact of chemical pesticide use in rice using EIQ model. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(16), 2394-5125.
  18. Macharia, I., Mithofer, D., & Waibel, H. (2009). Potential environmental impacts of pesticides use in the vegetable sub-sector in Kenya. African Journal of Horticultural Science, 2, 138-151.
  19. Mahlouji Rad, M., Kambouzia, J., Zand, E., & Khabbaz Jolfaii, H. (2012). Consideration of environmental impacts of authorized fungicides in Iran using EIQ model. Journal of Agroecology, 2(2), 73-86. (In Persian with English abstract).
  20. Maleki, L., Sadrabadi Haghighi, R., & Bazregar, A.B. (2015). The study of environmental impact quotient (EIQ) of pesticides used in wheat and barley farms in Mashhad. Journal of Agroecology, 7(1), 109-119. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/JAG.V7I1.48270 .
  21. Moeinoddini, S.S., Zand, E., Kambouzia, J., Mahdavi Damghani, A., & Deihim Fard, R. (2014). Environmental risk assessment of registered insecticides in Iran using Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) index. Journal of Agroecology, 6(2), 250-265. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/JAG.V6I2.39367 .
  22. Molaei, M., Javanbakht, O., & Hesari, N. (2017). The estimation input-oriented environmental efficiency of agricultural products (Case study: Environmental efficiency of rice production). Agricultural Economics Journal, 11(2), 157-172. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/IAES.2017.26798
  23. Niazmoradi, M., Kazemi, H., Gherekhloo, J., Soltani, A., & Kamkar, B. (2024). Environmental impact quotient (EIQ) evaluation of used pesticides in wheat (Triticum aestivum) Fields of Bandar-e-Turkeman county, Golestan province. Journal of Agroecology, 15(4), 809-823. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/AGRY.2022.76161.1106 .
  24. Peterson, R.K.D., & Schleier III, J.J. (2014). A probabilistic analysis reveals fundamental limitations with the environmental impact quotient and similar systems for rating pesticide risks. Peer-Reviewed Scientific Mega Journal, 2(1), e364. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.364
  25. Philippe, V., Neveen, A., Marwa, A., & Ahmad Basel, A.Y. (2021). Occurrence of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables for the Eastern Mediterranean region and potential impact on public health. Food Control, 119, 107457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107457
  26. Pingali, P.L., & Roger, P.A. (1995). Impact of pesticide on farmer health and the rice environment. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA.
  27. Ramezani, M.K. (2013). Fate of pesticides and their risks assessment in the environment: A review. Journal of Weeds Research, 5(1), 97-121. (In Persian)
  28. Rezaei, R., Safa, L., & Ganjkhanlo, M.M. (2020). Understanding farmers’ ecological conservation behavior regarding the use of integrated pest management- an application of the technology acceptance model. Global Ecology and Conservation, e0094(22), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00941
  29. Sande, D., Mullen, J., Wetzstein, M., & Houston, J. (2011). Environmental impacts from pesticide use: A case study of soil fumigation in Florida tomato production. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8, 4649-4661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8124649

Yadollahi Nooshabadi, S.J., Jahansuz, M.R., Majnoun Hosseini, N., & Peykani, G. (2017). Evaluation of environmental risks in the use of insecticide in Hashtgerd region using EIQ. Journal of Agroecology, 9(4), 1020-1030. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/JAG.V9I4.50487

Statistics
Article View: 2,537
PDF Download: 964


Journal Management System. Powered by Sinaweb