Effect of Chemical Processed Barley Grain (Hordeum vulgare) Through Steam Infrared Flaking on Productive and Parameters of Ruminal Fermentation in Holstein Lactating Cows

پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران

Article 1, Volume 17, Issue 1 - Serial Number 61, March 2025, Pages 1-19   

Document Type: Research Articles

DOI: 10.22067/ijasr.2024.88578.1206

Authors

Amir Honarmand; Seyed Alireza Vakili^* ; Mohsen Danesh Mesgarani; Abdolmansour Tahmasebi

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: Barley grain can provide energy and protein to lactating dairy cows; however, feeding high levels of barley grain may increase the risk of developing rumen disorders with extensive consequences for health, welfare and continuity of milk production. Various barley processing (chemically and physically) is critical to prevent ruminal acidosis, enhance digestion, nutrient utilization, and promote productivity. Steam-infrared heated-flaking is a physical-specific process and it impresses on starch gelatinization and protein denaturation which may modify both site and rate of digestion. Treating barley grain with lactic acid have been shown to alter the chemical composition and the nutritional value of treated grains. Barley grains ammunition treatment increased nitrogen content, effective rumen degradable and intestinal digestibility of nitrogen. Plant extract through the selective effect on certain rumen bacteria and the attachment and pattern of their colonization of starchy grain such as barley grain may alter starch degradation.
Materials and Methods: To prepare Acanthophyllum (Ap) extract, 1 Kg of dried sample was solved in 5 liter distilled water and manually mixed for 48 h at 30 min hiatuses. Barley grains treated with 5% solution of Acanthophyllum or 5.6% ammonium bicarbonate, simultaneously treated with 1% lactic acid. Consequently, non-treated and chemically treated barley grain steamed for 50 min. Then, steam cooked grains were exposed under an infrared -heated for 55 seconds to attain surface kernel temperatures of 100°C. Finally, passed through the roller mill in a flaker machine and were flaked. Thus, experimental treatments were: 1) Steam- infrared heated -flaked of barley grain, 2) Steam- infrared heated -flaked of barley grain treated with extract of Acanthophyllum and lactic acid, 3) Steam- infrared heated -flaked of barley grain treated with ammonium bicarbonate and lactic acid. This experiment with a 3 × 3 Latin square design were conducted with three rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (average BW: 690± 13, DIM: 96± 9) in three 21-day periods. Productive responses and dry matter intake were evaluated during the last 4 d of each period. Blood sample was collected on day 21 of the experimental period before the morning feeding and 2, 4 and 6 h after morning feeding to evaluate the concentration of serum glucose, albumin, total protein and blood urea nitrogen concentration. Acid insoluble ash as an internal marker was used to measure the apparent digestibility of nutrients. The ruminal pH and NH₃-N concentration were continuously measured.
Results and Discussion: Results illustrated that the experimental diets did not affect (P>0.05) on DMI, milk production, FCM and ECM. Milk fat and lactose concentrate were higher in cows fed by the diet containing the steam- infrared heated -flaked of barley grain treated with extract of Acanthophyllum and lactic acid and/ or treated with ammonium bicarbonate and lactic acid treatments than the steam- infrared heated -flaked of barley grain treatment (P < 0.05). Milk total solid, protein and MUN concentrate were increased in response to fed the steam- infrared heated -flaked of barley grain treated with ammonium bicarbonate and lactic acid compared to the control (P < 0.05). Generally, serum BUN concentration was significantly affected by the chemical treating during 2, 4 and 6 h after the morning feeding (P< 0.05). The consuming of steam- infrared heated -flaked of barley grain treated with ammonium bicarbonate and lactic acid resulted in increased total blood protein concentration (at 6 h after the morning feeding) in the cows (P< 0.05). When the chemical treatment was used, the apparent digestibility of dietary DM, CP and starch was increased in the cows consuming these diets (P< 0.05). Ruminal pH and also redoex potential were not affected by treatments and sampling time (P> 0.05). In this study, data showed that cows fed the SIFB_LaAb had greater ruminal NH₃-N concentration when compared with the other treatments (p< 0.05).
Conclusion: Feeding chemical treated barley grain with 5% extract of Acanthophyllum and/or 5.6% ammonium bicarbonate plus 1% lactic acid did not affect DMI and milk production in dairy cow, but improved the milk composition, with higher milk fat, lactose, protein and total solid. In animals fed chemicallym, treated barley grain the nutrient apparent digestibility, enhanced significantly. The MUN, BUN and ruminal NH₃-N concentration increased in cows fed the diet with SIFB_LaAb.

Keywords

Acanthophyllum extract; Ammonium bicarbonate; Lactic acid; Steam flake

References

1. Albornoz, R. I., & Allen, M. S. (2018). Highly fermentable starch at different diet starch concentrations decreased feed intake and milk yield of cows in the early postpartum period. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(10), 8902-8915. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14843
2. Belanche, A., Martín‐García, I., Jiménez, E., Jonsson, N. N., & Yañez‐Ruiz, D. R. (2021). A novel ammoniation treatment of barley as a strategy to optimize rumen pH, feed degradability and microbial protein synthesis in sheep. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101(13), 5541-5549.‏ https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.11205
3. Bertoni, G., Trevisi, E., Han, X., & Bionaz, M. (2008). Effects of inflammatory conditions on liver activity in puerperium period and consequences for performance in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 91(9), 3300-3310. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-0995
4. Brzóska, F. (2005). Effect of soybean meal protected with Ca salts of fatty acids on cows’ yield, protein and fat components in milk and blood. Annals of Animal Science, 5, 111-123.‏
5. Chen, X., Shao, S., Chen, M., Hou, C., Yu, X., & Xiong, F. (2020). Morphology and physicochemical properties of starch from waxy and non‐waxy barley. Starch‐Stärke, 72(5-6), 1900206. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201900206
6. Dabestani, M., Yeganehzad, S., & Miller, R. (2021). A natural source of saponin: Comprehensive study on interfacial properties of Chubak (Acanthophyllum Glandulosum) root extract and related saponins. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 630, 127594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127594
7. Deckardt, K., Khiaosa‐ard, R., Grausgruber, H., & Zebeli, Q. (2014). Evaluation of various chemical and thermal feed processing methods for their potential to enhance resistant starch content in barley grain. Starch‐Stärke, 66(5-6), 558-565.https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201300200
8. Dehghan-Banadaky, M., Corbett, R., & Oba, M. (2007). Effects of barley grain processing on productivity of cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 137(1-2), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.11.021
9. Dijkstra, J., Van Gastelen, S., Dieho, K., Nichols, K., & Bannink, A. (2020). Rumen sensors: Data and interpretation for key rumen metabolic processes. Animal, 14(S1), s176-s186. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1751731119003112
10. Erdman, R. A. 2011. Monitoring feed efficiency in dairy cows using fat-corrected milk per unit dry matter intake. Pages 69–79 in Proc. Mid-Atlantic Nutrition Conference, University of Maryland, Col[1]lege Park. Mid-Atlantic Feed Industry Council.
11. Ebrahimi, S. H. (2020). Feeding complete concentrate pellets containing ground grains or blend of steam-flaked grains and other concentrate ingredients in ruminant nutrition–A review. Annals of Animal Science, 20(1), 11-28. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2019-0055
12. Friedman, N., Shriker, E., Gold, B., Durman, T., Zarecki, R., Ruppin, E., & Mizrahi, I. (2017). Diet‐induced changes of redox potential underlie compositional shifts in the rumen archaeal community. Environmental Microbiology, 19(1), 174-184. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13551
13. Gruber, L., Khol-Parisini, A., Humer, E., Abdel-Raheem, S. M., & Zebeli, Q. (2017). Long-term influence of feeding barley treated with lactic acid and heat on performance and energy balance in dairy cows. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 71(1), 54-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2016.1253226
14. Harder, H., Khol‐Parisini, A., & Zebeli, Q. (2015). Modulation of resistant starch and nutrient composition of barley grain using organic acids and thermal cycling treatments. Starch‐Stärke, 67(7-8), 654-662. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201500040
15. Hart, K., Yáñez-Ruiz, D. R., Duval, S., McEwan, N., & Newbold, C. (2008). Plant extracts to manipulate rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 147(1-3), 8-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.007
16. Hristov, A., Zaman, S., VanderPol, M., Szasz, P., Huber, K., & Greer, D. (2007). Effect of a saponin-based surfactant and aging time on ruminal degradability of flaked corn grain dry matter and starch. Journal of Animal Science, 85(6), 1459-1466. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-467
17. Huang, Y., Jones, R., Compiani, R., Grossi, S., Johnson, P., Eckersall, P., Rossi, C. S., & Jonsson, N. (2022). Effects of ammonia-treated maize on growth performance of beef cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 290, 115350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115350
18. Huang, Y., Marden, J., Julien, C., & Bayourthe, C. (2018). Redox potential: An intrinsic parameter of the rumen environment. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 102(2), 393-402.. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12855
19. Humer, E., Khol-Parisini, A., Gruber, L., Gasteiner, J., Abdel-Raheem, S. M., & Zebeli, Q. (2015). Long-term reticuloruminal pH dynamics and markers of liver health in early-lactating cows of various parities fed diets differing in grain processing. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(9), 6433-6448. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9522
20. Humer, E., & Zebeli, Q. (2017). Grains in ruminant feeding and potentials to enhance their nutritive and health value by chemical processing. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 226, 133-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.02.005
21. Iqbal, S., Terrill, S., Zebeli, Q., Mazzolari, A., Dunn, S., Yang, W., & Ametaj, (2012). Treating barley grain with lactic acid and heat prevented sub-acute ruminal acidosis and increased milk fat content in dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 172(3-4), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.024
22. Iqbal, S., Zebeli, Q., Mazzolari, A., Bertoni, G., Dunn, , Yang, W., & Ametaj, B. (2009). Feeding barley grain steeped in lactic acid modulates rumen fermentation patterns and increases milk fat content in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(12), 6023-6032. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2380
23. Jacob, J., & Pescatore, A. (2012). Using barley in poultry diets—A review. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 21(4), 915-940. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2012-00557
24. Kheirandish, P., Mesgaran, M. D., Javadmanesh, A., Mohri, M., Khafipour, E., & Vakili, S. A. (2022). Effect of processed barley grain on in vitro rumen fermentation and fate of nitrogen metabolism. https://ijas.rasht.iau.ir/article_697486_46aff2394cff507ae15ef4141bab1c7.pdf
25. Khosrow Shahi, S., Didar, Z., Hesarinejad, M. A., & Vazifedoost, M. (2021). Optimized pulsed electric field‐assisted extraction of biosurfactants from Chubak (Acanthophyllum squarrosum) root and application in ice cream. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101(9), 3693-3706. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.11000
26. Kohn, R., Dinneen, M., & Russek-Cohen, E. (2005). Using blood urea nitrogen to predict nitrogen excretion and efficiency of nitrogen utilization in cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, and rats. Journal of Animal Science, 83(4), 879-889. https://doi.org/10.2527/2005.834879x
27. Malekjahani, F., Mesgaran, M. D., Vakili, A., Sadeghi, M., & Yu, P. (2017). A novel approach to determine synchronization index of lactating dairy cow diets with minimal sensitivity to random variations. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 225, 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.11.010
28. Malekkhahi, M., Naserian, A. A., Rahimi, A., Bazgir, A., Vyas, D., & Razzaghi, A. (2021). Effects of ground, steam-flaked, and super-conditioned corn grain on production performance and total-tract digestibility in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 104(6), 6756-6767. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-19202
29. Mao, S., Zhang, G., & Zhu, W. (2008). Effect of disodium fumarate on ruminal metabolism and rumen bacterial communities as revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 140(3-4), 293-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.001
30. Naseroleslami, R., Danesh Mesgaran, M., Tahmasbi, A., Vakili, A., & Danesh Mesgaran, S. (2022). Diets containing processed barley grain as a potential rumen bypass starch source enhance productive responses of lactating Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 106(3), 506-516. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13635
31. Naseroleslami, R., Mesgaran, M. D., Tahmasbi, A., Vakili, S. A., & Ebrahimi, S. H. (2018). Influence of barley grain treated with alkaline compounds or organic extracts on ex vivo site and extent of digestion of starch. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 31(2), 230. https://doi.org/5713/ajas.17.0212
32. Nocek, J. E., & Tamminga, S. (1991). Site of digestion of starch in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows and its effect on milk yield and composition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3598-3629. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78552-4
33. Orth, R. 1992. Sample day and lactation report. DHIA 200 Fact Sheet A-2. Mid-states DRPC.
34. Östman, E. M., Nilsson, M., Elmståhl, H. L., Molin, G., & Björck, I. (2002). On the effect of lactic acid on blood glucose and insulin responses to cereal products: mechanistic studies in healthy subjects and in vitro. Journal of Cereal Science, 36(3), 339-346. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.2002.0469
35. Piccioli-Cappelli, F., Loor, J., Seal, C., Minuti, A., & Trevisi, E. (2014). Effect of dietary starch level and high rumen-undegradable protein on endocrine-metabolic status, milk yield, and milk composition in dairy cows during early and late lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(12), 7788-7803. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8336
36. Plascencia, A., González-Vizcarra, V. M., & Zinn, R. A. (2018). Comparative effects of grain source on digestion characteristics of finishing diets for feedlot cattle: Steam-flaked corn, barley, wheat, and oats. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 98(4), 794-800. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2018-0018
37. Rietmann, S. J., Gäbel, G., & Dengler, F. (2023). The intraruminal redox potential is stabilised by opposing influences during fermentation. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 107(1), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13697
38. Røjen, B. A., & Kristensen, N. B. (2012). Effect of time duration of ruminal urea infusions on ruminal ammonia concentrations and portal-drained visceral extraction of arterial urea-N in lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(3), 1395-1409. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4475
39. Rose, R., Rose, C. L., Omi, S. K., Forry, K. R., Durall, D. M., & Bigg, W. L. (1991). Starch determination by perchloric acid vs enzymes: evaluating the accuracy and precision of six colorimetric methods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 39(1), 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00001a001
40. Safaei, K., Ghorbani, G., Alikhani, M., Sadeghi‐Sefidmazgi, A., & Yang, W. (2017). Response of lactating dairy cows to degree of steam‐flaked barley grain in low‐forage diets. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 101(5), e87-e97. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12565
41. Shahri, A. K., Mesgaran, M. D., & Zahmatkesh, D. (2019). Effect of feeding of various types of soybean meal and differently processed barley grain on performance of high producing lactating Holstein dairy cows.
42. Shen, J., Chai, Z., Song, L., Liu, J., & Wu, Y. (2012). Insertion depth of oral stomach tubes may affect the fermentation parameters of ruminal fluid collected in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(10), 5978-5984. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5499
43. Tang, S. X., Dang, T., Tan, Z. L., Wu, D. Q., Yan, Q. X., & Kang, J. H. (2021). Effects of nonionic surfactant source and surface tension on in vitro fermentation characteristics of cereal straws. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 276, 114912.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114912
44. Thorsteinsson, M., Maigaard, M., Lund, P., Weisbjerg, M. R., & Nielsen, M. O. (2023). Effect of fumaric acid in combination with Asparagopsis taxiformis or nitrate on in vitro gas production, pH, and redox potential. JDS Communications, 4(5), 335-339.‏ https://doi.org/10.3168/jdsc.2022-0259
45. Van Keulen, J., & Young, B. (1977). Evaluation of acid-insoluble ash as a natural marker in ruminant digestibility studies. Journal of Animal Science, 44(2), 282-287. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1977.442282x
46. Van Soest, P. v., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583-3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
47. Wanapat, M., Cherdthong, A., Pakdee, P., & Wanapat, S. (2008). Manipulation of rumen ecology by dietary lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) powder supplementation. Journal of Animal Science, 86(12), 3497-3503.‏ https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-0885
48. Weatherburn, M. W. (1967). Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia. Analytical Chemistry, 39(8), 971-974.‏ https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60252a045
49. Zebeli, Q., Dijkstra, J., Tafaj, M., Steingass, H., Ametaj, B., & Drochner, W. (2008). Modeling the adequacy of dietary fiber in dairy cows based on the responses of ruminal pH and milk fat production to composition of the diet. Journal of Dairy Science, 91(5), 2046-2066. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0572
50. Zhong, R., Li, J., Gao, Y., Tan, Z., & Ren, G. (2008). Effects of substitution of different levels of steam-flaked corn for finely ground corn on lactation and digestion in early lactation dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 91(10), 3931-3937. https://daoi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0957