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ALmoosa, M., Al-Atab, S., Almaliki, S. (2025). Using the Response Surface Methodology to Predict the Effect of Different Moisture Levels on the Bulk Density and Penetration Resistance of Soil Under Different Operating Conditions. , (), -. doi: 10.22067/jam.2024.90031.1290
M. ALmoosa; S. Al-Atab; S. Almaliki. "Using the Response Surface Methodology to Predict the Effect of Different Moisture Levels on the Bulk Density and Penetration Resistance of Soil Under Different Operating Conditions". , , , 2025, -. doi: 10.22067/jam.2024.90031.1290
ALmoosa, M., Al-Atab, S., Almaliki, S. (2025). 'Using the Response Surface Methodology to Predict the Effect of Different Moisture Levels on the Bulk Density and Penetration Resistance of Soil Under Different Operating Conditions', , (), pp. -. doi: 10.22067/jam.2024.90031.1290
ALmoosa, M., Al-Atab, S., Almaliki, S. Using the Response Surface Methodology to Predict the Effect of Different Moisture Levels on the Bulk Density and Penetration Resistance of Soil Under Different Operating Conditions. , 2025; (): -. doi: 10.22067/jam.2024.90031.1290

Using the Response Surface Methodology to Predict the Effect of Different Moisture Levels on the Bulk Density and Penetration Resistance of Soil Under Different Operating Conditions

ماشین های کشاورزی
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 07 July 2025    PDF (646.41 K)
Document Type: Research Article-en
DOI: 10.22067/jam.2024.90031.1290
Authors
M. ALmoosa* 1; S. Al-Atab2; S. Almaliki1
1Department of Agriculture Machines and Equipment, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq
2Department of Soil and water Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq
Abstract
Soil properties play a fundamental role in the success of agricultural operations through their impact on crop growth and quality, as they determine their ability to retain water and absorb nutrients, and affect soil aeration and the root system. The aim of this study is to predict bulk density and resistance to soil penetration under different moisture levels during tillage operations. It includes four moisture levels: 7, 14, 22, and 28%, and three types of plows: the moldboard plow, chisel plow, and disc plow. Moreover, soil samples were collected at two depths: 15 cm and 30 cm. The change in the physical properties of the studied soil is also measured during the growth periods of wheat crop (after tillage, beginning of the season and end of the season). The study is conducted in Al-Qurna district, north of Basra Governorate, Iraq, in clay loam soil. The results are analyzed and mathematical equations are obtained to predict the studied properties using the response surface methodology. The obtained results indicate that soil moisture during plowing, plow type, soil depth, and crop growth periods have a significant effect on soil bulk density and penetration resistance. The 14% moisture treatment is superior, recording the lowest bulk density and lowest penetration resistance of 1.12 Mg m-3 and 1133 kN m-2, respectively. While the 28% moisture treatment provided the highest bulk density and highest penetration resistance of 1.22 Mg m-3 and 1379 kN m-2, respectively. The results also show that increasing the soil depth from 15 to 30 cm increases the bulk density and soil penetration resistance, by 12 and 45.70%, respectively. Plowing with a disc plow improves soil properties, giving the lowest bulk density and penetration resistance of 1.12 Mg m-3 and 1074 kN m-2, respectively. While using the chisel plow leads to recording the highest bulk density and penetration resistance, which reached 1.22 Mg m-3 and 1442 kN m-2, respectively. As for the moldboard plow, the bulk density and soil penetration resistance reached 1.18 Mg m-3 and 1282 kN m-2, respectively. The growth periods have a significant effect on the studied soil properties where the beginning of the growing season provided the lowest bulk density. The bulk density reached 1.17, 1.13, and 1.23 Mg m-3 for the periods after plowing, at the beginning of the season and its end, respectively. While the penetration resistance after plowing is superior with the lowest resistance compared to the beginning of the season and its end, as it reached 897, 1327, and 1573 kN m-2, respectively. The results of data analysis show that the obtained mathematical models accurately and efficiently predict bulk density and soil resistance to penetration under the experimental conditions, with a high coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.6460 and 0.8114 for the bulk density and penetration resistance, respectively.
Keywords
Bulk density; Moisture level; Prediction; Soil penetration resistance; Tillage equipment
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