Peak Ground Acceleration’s Impact On Semi-Active Fuzzy Control Using Adjustable Liquid Damper

مهندسی عمران فردوسی

Article 4, Volume 38, Issue 3 - Serial Number 51, August 2025, Pages 75-96   

Document Type: Original Article

DOI: 10.22067/jfcei.2025.92219.1344

Authors

Javad Hashemi¹; Hamed Enayati^{* 2}

¹Department of Civil Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, Behshahr, Iran

²Department of Civil Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, Behshahr,

Abstract

Numerous tall buildings located in seismic zones require efficient control systems to mitigate the intense dynamic responses induced by earthquakes. Variable baffles tuned liquid dampers have been proposed as a semi-active control approach to reduce these responses. Conventional passive or optimally linear control systems may not consistently deliver optimal performance across all seismic scenarios. Therefore, the development of adaptable systems, such as fuzzy control with self-adjusting capability, appears essential. This study compares the performance of fuzzy control with passive and linear quadratic regulator control methods applied to a single-degree-of-freedom structure equipped with a liquid damper under various seismic excitations (near-fault, far-field, and near-fault pulse). The examined earthquakes ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 of peak ground acceleration, and twelve performance indices were utilized for evaluation. The results demonstrate that the fuzzy control system performs particularly well during near-fault pulse earthquakes (e.g., Kocaeli earthquake), achieving approximately a 20% reduction in roof displacement. As earthquake intensity increases, the effectiveness of this control method improves, with significant reductions in structural vibrations observed. In far-field earthquakes, the fuzzy control consistently performed on par with or better than the other methods, with an average displacement reduction of 2 to 5% across certain indices. However, some near-fault earthquakes exhibited slight increases in displacement and spectral response, attributed to the nonlinear nature of seismic ground motions in these zones. Additionally, in certain cases, the adaptive fuzzy control system's errors led to performance inferior to that of the linear quadratic regulator control method.

Keywords

Peak Ground Acceleration; Fuzzy Logic Control; Structural Dynamic Response; Tuned Liquid Damper; Semi-Active Control

References

[1] A. M. Rousta, S. Shoja, and M. Amin Safaei Ardakani, “Investigating Cyclic and Pushover Performance of Different Metallic Yielding Dampers,” Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 122–143, 2023. https://doi.org/10.22075/jrce.2022.26848.1639  

[2] A. M. Rousta, “Seismic retrofitting of steel moment-resisting frames (SMRFs) using steel pipe dampers,” Structural Engineering and Mechanics, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 69–84, 2023. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2023.87.1.069  

[3] A. M. Rousta, M. Amin Safaei Ardakani, and S. Shoja, “Numerical and analytical investigation of seismic performance of steel dampers with different heights and shapes,” Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 208–227, 2022. (In Persian)  https://doi.org/10.22065/jsce.2021.270979.2352

[4] R. A. Ibrahim and S. Barr, “Autoparametric resonance in a structure containing a liquid, Part I: two mode interaction,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 159–179, 1975. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-460X(75)90213-8 

[5] R. A. Ibrahim and S. Barr, “Autoparametric resonance in a structure containing a liquid, Part II: three mode interaction,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 181–200, 1975. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-460X(75)90214-X 

[6] M. J. Tait, A. A. El Damatty, N. Isyumov, and M. R. Siddique, “Numerical flow models to simulate tuned liquid dampers (TLD) with slat screens,” Journal of Fluids and Structures, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 1007–1023, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2005.04.004 

[7] J. S. Love and M. J. Tait, “Nonlinear simulation of a tuned liquid damper with damping screens using a modal expansion technique,” Journal of Fluids and Structures, vol. 26, no. 7-8, pp. 1058–1077, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2010.07.004

[8] S. M. Zahrai, S. Abbasi, B. Samali, and Z. Vrcelj, “Experimental investigation of utilizing TLD with baffles in a scaled down 5-story benchmark building,” Journal of Fluids and Structures, vol. 28, pp. 194–210, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2011.08.016 

[9] S. M. Zahrai and H. Enayati, “Tuned Liquid Damper with Rotatable Baffles to Control a 5-Story Structure Model under Near and Far-Field Earthquakes,” Bulletin of Earthquake Science and Engineering, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 139–147, 2018.

[10] M. Gerami, A. Kheyroddin, and F. Khorasani, “Seismic Assessment of RCS Moment Frames under Near Fault Earthquakes,” Journal of Civil Engineering Ferdowsi, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 1–23, 2018. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/civil.v31i1.54383 

[11] S. M. Zahrai and A. Shafieezadeh, “Semi-active control of the wind-excited benchmark tall building using a fuzzy controller,” Iranian Journal of Science & Technology, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 1–18, Jan. 2009. 

[12] A. Baghban, A. Karamodin, and H. Haji Kazemi, “The effect of fuzzy controller on damage of steel structure considering structural uncertainties,” Scientia Iranica, Transactions A: Civil Engineering, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 2441–2450, 2016. https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2016.2303 

[13] W. S. Abdulateef and F. Hejazi, “Fuzzy logic based adaptive vibration control system for structures subjected to seismic and wind loads,” Structures, vol. 55, pp. 1507–1531, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.06.108 

[14] A. Karamoddin and S. Khajeh Karamoddin, “Structural Damage Control Using Neuro-GA Algorithm,” Journal of Civil Engineering Ferdowsi, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2017. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.22067/civil.v29i1.33759 

[15] S. Pourzineli, N. A. Fallah, and M. Akbari Aghbalagh, “Experimental Analysis of the TMD Control of Building Vibrations against Earthquake Excitations,” Journal of Civil Engineering Ferdowsi, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 147–158, 2014. (In Persian)

[16] N. Khodaei and H. Teymouri, “Investigating the Impacts of the Mass and the Installation Height of TMD System on the Wind-Induced Vibration Control of Tall Buildings,” Journal of Civil Engineering Ferdowsi, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 55–70, 2022. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.22067/jfcei.2022.70265.1039 

[17] M. Abdeddaim, A. Ounis, N. Djedoui, and M. K. Shrimali, “Reduction of pounding between buildings using fuzzy controller,” Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 985–1005, 2016.

[18] H. Enayati and A. M. Rousta, “The investigation of the effect of earthquake type on the structures behavior with Tuned Liquid Damper with Variable Baffles under Semi-Active Control,” Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (JSCE), vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 77–92, 2022. https://doi.org/10.22065/jsce.2020.172223.1786 

[19] M. Bahmaei and S. M. Zahrai, “Effect of selecting different membership functions on semi-active fuzzy control of adjacent buildings with MR damper,” Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 4709–4728, 2023. https://doi.org/10.22060/ceej.2022.21185.7644 

[20] M. R. Zamanian, A. Kheyroldin, and A. R. Mortezaei, “Seismic response control of uncertainty stiffness structures subjected to near and far field earthquakes using fuzzy controlled magnetorheological dampers,” Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 191–208, 2022. https://doi.org/10.22060/ceej.2021.18497.6880

[21] M. Bahmai and S. M. Zahrai, “Fuzzy semi-active control of coupled adjacent structures with magneto-rheological damper under near-field and far-field earthquakes,” Modares Civil Engineering Journal, vol. 22, no. 6, 2023. https://doi.org/10.22034/22.6.95

[22] T. L. Teng, C. P. Peng, and C. Chuang, “A study on the application of fuzzy theory to structural active control,” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 189, pp. 439–448, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7825(99)00300-X 

[23] H. Enayati and S. M. Zahrai, “A variably baffled tuned liquid damper to reduce seismic response of a five-storey building,” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings, vol. 171, no. 4, pp. 306–315, 2018.  https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.16.00034

[24] S. M. Zahrai and H. Enayati, “Semi-Active Control of a SDOF Structure Using Tuned Liquid Damper with Variable Baffles,” Journal of Structure & Steel, vol. 11, no. 21, pp. 69–80, 2017.