Evaluation of Several Spectral Indices for Estimation of Canola Yield using Sentinel-2 Sensor Images

ماشین های کشاورزی

Article 24, Volume 11, Issue 2 - Serial Number 22, 2021, Pages 447-464   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jam.v11i2.80232

Authors

N. Loveimi¹; A. Akram^{* 1}; N. Bagheri²; A. Hajiahmad¹

¹Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

²Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Remote sensing and using satellite images have been widely considered due to the high speed of measurement and great area of coverage. Canola is a source of edible oil and its cultivation in Iran and the world is developing. Comparing with other crops, canola, because of its yellow flowers, has a different canopy color, and only a few researches have been carried out in order to assess the spectral indices for prediction of its yield. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to evaluate some spectral vegetation indices to estimate the yield of canola in different growth stages.
Materials and Methods
The study was performed in 2016-2017 in Karaj, Iran. Three canola farms were chosen for the evaluation of the relationship between yield and some vegetation indices derived from the Sentinel-2 sensor. The sensor data were processed in five stages: before flowering, early flowering, peak of flowering, green and dry maturity, and the vegetation indices were extracted for each of them. This research was pixel-based and the pixels network of each studied farm was determined by RTKGPS. During harvesting time, for measurement of grain yield, five samples, four from the corners and one from the center of the pixel, were taken and their average was considered as the representative amount of the pixel. Totally, 112 pixels from three studied farms were used to calibrate the predictive models. By using Simple Linear Regression (SLR) models, ten new and conventional vegetation indices were assessed. Also, Multivariate Linear Regression (MLR) models and Artificial Neural Net (ANN) models with four bands, three visible bands and NIR band, as inputs, were used to predict the canola yield. In order to validate the SLR and MLR models, the "K-Fold" method of cross-validation was used, and for the validation of ANN models, 15% of data were used; 70% for the train, 15% for validation, and 15% for the test.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that, on the basis of SLR models, among the growth stages, the highest coefficient of determination (R2) in each of the vegetation indices belonged to one of the two stages: the peak of flowering and green maturity. According to SLR models, among the vegetation indices in different stages, the NDYI in the peak of the flowering stage had the highest correlation with yield (R² = 73%). Also, the RVI with 29%, BNDVI with 52%, NDVI with 56%, and GNDVI with 35% had the highest R2 in the before flowering, early flowering, peak of flowering, green and dry maturity stages, respectively. MLR models resulted to the best yield predictive model at the peak of flowering stage (R² = 76% for the calibration and R² = 73% and RMSE = 0.641 for the validation). For ANN models, the strongest model achieved at peak of flowering stage (R² = 92% for the calibration (train) and R² = 77% and RMSE = 0.612 for the validation (test)). It seems that the results are affected by yellow flowers of canola, and absorption of blue light by their petals. Therefore, in the peak of the flowering stage, the reflection of the blue light is more likely to belong to green leaves and stems. Therefore, any index such as NDYI, which the blue reflection is subtracted in its equation, represents better the number of flowers, and since the density of flowers is directly related to the yield, the yield will be predicted with more precision.
Conclusion
The results of the analysis of the indices by SLR models showed that the correlation of each of the vegetation indices with the canola yield, in different stages of growth, has a considerable difference. Based on this model, the highest R² in each of these indices happened in the peak of flowering or green maturity stage, and among these indices in different stages, the NDYI in the peak of the flowering stage had the highest R². Finally, in both of the MLR and ANN models, with four bands, three visible bands and near-infrared band, as inputs, the best yield predictive model resulted in the peak of the flowering stage.

Keywords

Normalized Difference Yellowness Index (NDYI); Remote sensing; Sentinel-2 sensor; Vegetation Index; Yield prediction

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