Effect of the substitution of different levels of Biochar with mineral premix in diet on growth performance variables, meat quality and bone ash of broiler

پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران

Article 6, Volume 13, Issue 4 - Serial Number 48, December 2022, Pages 537-549   

Document Type: Research Articles

DOI: 10.22067/ijasr.2021.38290.0

Authors

Motahare Kashef¹; Mohsen Afsharmanesh^{* 2}; Mohammad Salarmoini¹

¹Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

²Department of Animal Sciences, Shahid Bahonarkerman University, Kerman, Iran

Abstract

Introduction Chicken meat is one of the most important foods and its economic production is essential. In industrial poultry farms, about 70 to 75 percent of production costs are related to feed costs. Therefore, one of the most important goals of poultry nutrition researchers, along with improving the performance and characteristics of poultry carcasses, is to reduce the cost of feed. In addition to edible materials, dietary feed includes feed additives that improve feed conversion, maintain bird health and, consequently, reduce costs and earn the most economic benefits. Any substance that can improve the health and safety of the digestive tract is of particular importance in feeding poultry. The presence of minerals in animal feed is necessary for the animal’s metabolic processes.  In fact, they are catalyst for many enzymatic systems, and part of hundreds of molecules involved in intermediary metabolism, hormone secretion, antibacterial effects, and immune defense systems; as a result, it influences growth performance, meat quality and appetite of broiler chickens. Traditionally, according to various feeding standards, minerals are supplemented in broiler diet in the form of inorganic salts, i.e.: carbonates, oxides, or sulfates to provide the birds’ requirements.
Therefore, one of the ways to reduce the cost of feed rations is to replace useful and low-cost compounds with mineral supplements. In recent decades, the use of feed additives in poultry diets has been considered to increase their production. One of these additives is humic compounds. Humic compounds are a compelex of compounds that are produced from the decomposition of organic matter, especially plants, soil and coal. Biochar is produced by pyrolysis from various types of biomass in a low-to-no oxygenthermal process at temperatures ranging from 350 to 1,000ºC. In addition to its use as a dietary supplement, the use of biochar in nutrition has been considered as a dietary supplement in recent years. It improves nutrition and thus better digestion and absorption of nutrients and limits the activity of toxins such as dioxin, glyphosate, mycotoxins and pesticides and reduces side effects on the gastrointestinal tract. This experiment was carried out to study the effects of replacement different levels of Biochar with the mineral supplement of diet on performance, meat quality, and bone ash in broiler chickens.
Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted with 250 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) in a completely randomized design with five treatments, and five replicates (10 birds per replicate) for 42 days. The treatments included: 1) control diet (without Biochar, contain mineral supplement), 2) control diet whit 25% Biochar plus 75% mineral supplement, 3) control diet whit 50% Biochar plus 50% mineral supplement, 4) control diet whit 75% Biochar plus 25% mineral supplement, 5) control diet whit 100% Biochar plus mineral supplement. Birds and feeds were weighed at days 1, 21, and 42 on a cage basis. The body weight gain, body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were determined. The meat lipid oxidation was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances assay described previously. The pH of meat was measured with a pH meter by homogenizing 5 g of sample with 25 ml of distilled. To estimate the water holding capacity, one g of the meat samples were put in tissue paper inside a tube and centrifuged (for 4 min at 1500 g). Then meat samples were dried at 70˚C for 24 h. Cooking loss was determined via the difference between raw weight and cooked weight, and expressed as a percentage of the original weight. The drip loss was determined as the percentage of weight loss of meat samples under standardized conditions. Color values L^∗ (lightness), a^∗ (redness), and b^∗ (yellowness) were determined with a previously described digital imaging method. The hue angle (arc tangent of b^*/a^*), and chroma (saturation index) √ (a*² + b*²) were also determined. The crude ash of bone samples was analyzed according to standardized methods.
Results and Discussion In the whole period of experiment, the replacement of mineral supplements with Biochar  could not make a significant difference on body weight, feed intake, food conversion rate (FCR), European Production Index, bone ash. Meat pH of birds fed 75% Biochar was higher than in all treatments and dripping loss of 75% Biochar was significantly lower than other treatments but here are no significant difference between other treatments. Brightness and yellowness were not affected by the experimental treatment, but the redness index was higher in 75% and 50% Biochar than in other treatments. Therefore, Biochar can replace dietary mineral supplements due to the presence of humic substances and the presence of mineral elements in its composition. Also, due to the low price of Biochar, the use of this substance instead of dietary mineral supplements, makes the use of minerals more desirable and reduces the cost of the diet of broilers. In the present study, the use of Biochar and its substitution with dietary supplements, due to its mineral content and humic acid, improved meat quality of broilers. Despite the lack of a significant difference between the price of a diet ration and a diet containing Biochar, it seems that the use of Biochar can replace dietary minerals and reduce the economic costs of the diet, which is an important issue in the poultry industry.
The lack of altered bone ash in broiler chickens fed Biochar containing humic acid in this experiment was probably due to the adequate and balanced levels of calcium and phosphorus in the diet and therefore due to the lack of effect of humic acid in Biochar . This result may be due to adequate supply of minerals in treatments containing Biochar compared to control group treatment that has made no change in bone ash from control group.
Conclusion In conclusion, the use of Biochar at 75% level without affecting the performance, improved the meat quality (meat pH, redness color index and dripping loss percentage) of broiler chickens.

Keywords

Drip loss; Economic index; Humic acid; Redness color index

References

1. Abbasvali, M., S. Shahram Shekarforoush, M. Aminlari, and H. Ebrahimnejad. 2012. Effects of Medium-Voltage Electrical Stimulation on Postmortem Changes in Fat-Tailed Sheep. Journal of Food Science, 77(1):47-53.
2. Afshar, M. 1997. Effect of vitamin supplements with different levels of vitamin on layer hens performance. MSc thesis. Agricultural College, University of Tehran. (In Persian).
3. Ahmadi, M., and M. A. Karimi Torshizi. 2015. Evaluation of vermicompost supplementation in Japanese quail diet. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 7(1):66-76. (In Persian).
4. Aiken, G. R., D. M, Mc Knight, R. L. Wershaw, and P. Mac Carthy. 1985. Humic substances in soil, sediment, and water-geochemistry, isolation, and characterization. Wiley, New York, USA.
5. 1995. Official Methods of Analysis, 16th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, V. A.
6. 2013. Ross 308 Broiler. Nutrition Specification. (www. Aviagen.com)
7. Bertram, H. C., H. J. Andersen, A. H. Karlsson, P. Horn, J. Hedegaard, L. Norgaard, and S. B, Engelsen. 2003. Prediction of technological quality (cooking loss and Napole yield) of pork based on fresh meat characteristics. Meat Science, 65:707–712.
8. Boulianne, M., and A. J. King. 1998. Meat colorand biochemical characteristics of unaccepted dark-colored broiler chicken carcasses. Food Science, 63(5):759-762.
9. Boutoh, P. E., W. R. Harise, and W. R. Shortose. 1971. Effect of Ultiamit pH on upon the water holding capacity and enderness of mution. Food Science, 36:435-39.
10. Christensen, L. B. 2003. Drip loss sampling in porcine m. longissimus dorsi. Meat Science, 63(4):469-477.
11. Dwivedi, S., M. N. Vasavada, and D. Cornforth. 2006. Evaluation of Antioxidant Effects and Sensory Attributes of Chinese 5-Spice Ingredients in Cooked Ground Beef. Journal of Food Science, 71(1):12-17.
12. Eren, M., G. Deniz, S. S. Gezen, and I. I. Turkmen. 2000. Broyler yemlerine katilan humatlarin besi performansi, serum mineral kansantrasyonu ve kemik kuluuzerine etkileri. Ankara Universitesi Verteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 47:255-263.
13. Hakan, K., Y. Gultekin, and S. Ozge. 2012. Effect of boric acid and humate supplementation on performance and egg quality parameters of laying hens. Revista Brasiliera de Ciencia Avicola, 14:283-289.
14. Jang, A., X. D. Liu, M. H. Shin, B. D. Lee, S. K. Lee, J. H. Lee, and C. Jo. 2008. Antioxidative potential of raw breast meat from broiler chicks fed a diatary medicinal herb extract mix. Poultry Science, 87(11):2382-2389.
15. Jamali, b. 2015. Biochar, The Old Idea for Future Agriculture. Today's Opportunity for Entrepreneurship.
16. Karaoglu, M., M. Macit, N. Esenbuga, H. Durdag, L. Turgut, and OC. Bilgin. 2004. Effect of supplemental humate at different levels on the growth performance slaughter and carcass traits broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science, 3:406-410.
17. Kaya, A. C., B. E. Kurumu, and D. S. Tuncer. 2009. Effect of humates on fattening performance, carcass quality and some blood parameters of broilers. Jornal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8:281-284.
18. Khajavi, H., M. Karimi Torsizi, and H. Ahmadi. 2015. Effect of feeding different levels of dietary vermi-humus on growth performance and meat quality in broiler chickens. Animal Production, 16(2):113-122. (In Persian).
19. Kocabagli, N., M. Alp, N. Acar, and R. Kahraman. 2002. The effects of dietary humate supplementation on broiler growth and carcass yield. Poultry Science, 81:227–230.
20. Lala, A O., N. Okwelum, A. O. Oso, A. O. Ajao, and A. A. Adegbenjo. 2017. Response of broiler chickens to varying dosage of humic acid in drinking water. National Animal Production Research Institute, 29(1):288-294.
21. Mirhidari, A., M. Tarbiatnejad, S. Hosseini, and P. Shakeri. 2016. Effect of biochemical use of pistachio byproduct on yield, microbial protein and some rumen and blood parameters of fattened lambs. Journal of Animal Science (Research and Construction), 117:151-162. (In Persian).
22. Mohammad Sadeghi, F. 2018. Study of substitutintg the mineral premixe diet with complex of humic material and its combination with probiotics on performance, intestinal morphology, immune response and meat quality of broilers. Master thesis. Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran.
23. Nagaraju, R., B. Reddy, R. Gloridoss, B. Suresh, and C. Ramesh. 2014. Effect of dietary supplementation of humic acids on performance of broilers. The Indian Journal of Animal Science, 84:447-452.
24. Nieto, G., P. Daz, S. Ban, and M. Garrido. 2010. Effect on lamb meat quality of including thyme (Thymus zygis ssp. Gracilis) leaves in ewes, diet. Meat Science, 85:82-88.
25. Nobakht, A., F. Mazlum, S. Khodaii, and G. A. Pish-Jang. 2008. Evaluation of the effects of reducing or eliminating mineral and vitamin supplements from diets of growing and ending periods on broiler performance. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, 4:39-46. (In Persian).
26. Nobakht, A. 2013. Effects of different levels of mineral and vitamin supplements on performance of laying hens with rationsWheat and corn base. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 4(4):283-291.
27. Ozturk, , N. Ocak, I. Coskun, S. Turhan, and G. Erener. 2010. Effects of humic substances supplementation provided through drinking water on performance, carcass traits and meat quality of broilers. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 94:78-85.
28. Ozturk, , N. Ocak, I. Coskun, G. Erener, M. Devsoglo, and S. Turhan. 2014. performance, meat quality, meat mineral contents and caecal microbial population responses to humic substances administered in drinking water in broilers. British Poultry Science, 55(5):668-674.
29. Peter Schmidt, H. Biochar in poultry farming. Ithaka Journal, 1:262-264.
30. Rahmani, H., and W. Speer. 2005. Natural additives influence the performance and humoral immunity of broilers. Poultry Science, 4:713-717.
31. Rath, N., W. Huff, and G. Huff. 2006. Effects of humic acid on broiler chickens. Poultry Science Journal, 85:410-414.
32. Shadravan, A. 2018. The effect of sodium humate and complex of humic substances on growth performance, intestinal morphology and immune response of broiler chickens. MSc thesis, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran.
33. Shalaei, M., and S. Hosseini. (2016). Acidity of gastrointestinal tract and tibia characteristics of laying hens fed diets supplemented with antibiotic, organic acid, probiotic and prebiotic. Animal Production Research, 5(2):1-11. (In Persian).
34. Siahpour, S., M. A. Karimi Torshizi, F. Shariatmadari, and F. Nick Nafs. 2010. Investigating the effect of mineral and vitamin supplementation time on growth and economic performance of broiler chickens. Journal of Veterinary Research, 65(1):13-18. (In Persian).
35. Taklimi, S. M., H. Ghahri, and M. A. Isakan. 2012. Influence of different levels of humic acid esterified glucomannan on growth performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. Journal of Agriculture, 3:663-668.
36. Varkuhi, S. H. 2014. Factors affecting the quality of poultry and meat. Second National Conference on Engineering and Management of Agriculture, Environment and Sustainable Natural Resources, Tehran, Permanent Secretariat of the Conference, Shahid Beheshti University.
37. Wang, Q., Y. Chen, J. Yoo, H. Kim, J. Cho, and Kim. 2008. Effects of supplemental humic substances on growth performance, blood characteristics and meat quality in finishing pigs. Livestock Science, 117(2-3):270-274.
38. Yalçin, S., A. Ergün, H. Erol, S. Yalçin, and B. Özsoy. 2005. Use of L-carnitine and humate in laying quail diets. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 53:361-370.