Standardization, Validating and Measuring Reliability of Moral Values Measurement (Case Study: Kermanshah)

علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

Article 5, Volume 18, Issue 2 - Serial Number 38, March 2021, Pages 164-131   

Document Type: Case Study

DOI: 10.22067/social.2021.70004.1032

Authors

Ali Moradi^{* 1}; Nejat Mohammadifar²

¹Associate Professor of Sociology Department, Eslam Abad-E-Gharb Branch, Islamic Azad University, Eslam Abad-E-Gharb, Kermanshah, Iran

²Assistant Professor Department of Political Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran

Abstract

A moral value ​​as an interdisciplinary concept is a set of rules and principles that humans use in life. This research aimed to standardize, validate and measure the reliability of the tool for measuring moral values. In line with the purpose of this survey, after studying and examining tools available in the world (standard tools) and also completing the gaps in these tools (by the researchers in the process of conducting the research), a comprehensive tool was taken and out of all the citizens over 20 years of age in Kermanshah in 2019, 440 people were selected. The selection and data of this study were collected by cluster random sampling method. SPSS and AMOS software were used for data analysis. Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.936, the correlation between test halves is equal to 0.554, Guttman coefficient is 0.709, Spearman-Brown coefficient is 0.703, and the total explained variance of all dimensions together by factor analysis is 87.72. The results of the measurement model show that the CMIN/DF index is 4.58, the relative fit of CFI is 0.85, the Lewis coefficient is 0.80, and the RMSEA index is 0.08 that confirm the fit of the model. The results of this study showed that the validity of the tool used is confirmed by the use of formal and structural validity to estimate the reliability of Cronbach's alpha results, bisecting method and Spearman-Brown. Since some items of the studied questionnaires were not appropriate for the local culture, they were modified and normalized based on the opinions of experts to make the appropriate for the cultural situation of the Iranian society.

Keywords

Ethical Values; Validity; Reliability; Factor Analysis; Measurement Tools

References

1. احمدی، ش.، یاقوتی، ح.، و فلاحی، و. (1396)، نقش بی‌اشتیاقی اخلاقی و هوش اجتماعی در پیش‌بینی ولع مصرف افراد مصرف‌کننده مواد. اعتیاد پژوهی، (44)، 168-155.
2. تحف العقول. (1385). سخنان چهارده معصوم (ص. حسن زاده، مترجم). قم: نشر آل علی.
3. سیدی، ا.، و خدادادیان، ز. (1393)، رابطه تبلیغات اخلاقی با رفتار مصرف‌کنندگان. فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری، (4)، 10-1.
4. عصاره، ع.، مهدیزاده تهرانی، آ.، امینی زرین، ع.، و عظیمی، ش. (1397). نقدی بر نظریه‌ رشد قضاوت اخلاقی لارنس کلبرگ: پژوهشی در بررسی چندجانبه نظریه‌ کلبرگ و ارائه رهنمودی درباره‌ مراحل رشدی او. فصلنامه تعلیم و تربیت، (2)، 112-93.
5. غررالحکم، (1384). سخنان قصار امام علی (ع) (س. ه. رسولی محلاتی). تهران: دفتر نشر فرهنگ اسلامی.
6. نجاری، س. (1392)، بررسی رابطه بین ارزش‌های اخلاقی و کارایی کارکنان شرکت ارتباطات زیرساخت (پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد). مدیریت امور فرهنگی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات.
7. نراقی، م. (1386)، معراج السعاده. قم: دفتر انتشارات زینی.
8. نصیری، م. (1386)، مؤلفه‌هایی از اخلاق اجتماعی پیامبر اکرم (صلی‌الله علیه و آله). فصلنامه اخلاق، (8)، 95-54 .
9. نهضتی، ب.، پژویان، ج.، محمدی، ت.، و شاکری، ع. (1391)، تحلیل رفتار خیرخواهانه در ایران. دوفصلنامه مطالعات و سیاست‌های اقتصادی، (26)، 25-46.

 

10. Aprilyandi, B., & Ismiyati, Y. (2020) An analysis of moral values from the characters in the novel ‘Frankenstein’by Mary Shalley. JELT: Journal of English Language Teaching, 3(2), 95-104.
11. Aquino, K., & Reed, I. I. (2002) the self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 4-23.
12. Asahara, K., Kobayashi, M., & Ono, W. (2015) Moral competence questionnaire for public health nurses in J apan: S cale development and psychometric validation. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 12(1), 18-26.
13. Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., & Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 364-374.
14. Bentham, J. (1996). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation: The collected works of Jeremy Bentham. London: Clarendon Press.
15. Bergstra, T. J., Gremmen, B., & Stassen, E. N. (2015) Moral values and attitudes toward Dutch sow husbandry. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 28(2), 375-401.
16. Black, J. (2012) Initial development and psychometric characteristics of the moral cognition inventory(Doctoral dissertation). Humboldt State University.
17. Black, J. E., & Reynolds, W. M. (2016) Development, reliability and validity of the Moral Identity Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 97, 120-129.
18. Churchland, P. S. (2015). The neurobiological platform for moral values. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements, 76, 97-110.
19. Cohen, N. E. (2010) considering animals: Moral convictions about animals and judgment on the culling of healthy animals in animal disease epidemics (Vol. Dissertation). Wageningen: Wageningen University.
20. Dahling, J. J., Whitaker, B. G., & Levy, P. E. (2009) The development and validation of a new Machiavellianism scale. Journal of Management, 35(2), 219-257.
21. Fraser, D. (1999). Animal ethics and animal welfare science: bridging the two cultures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 65(3), 171-189.
22. Haidt, J., & Graham, J. (2007). When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize. Social Justice Research, 20(1), 98-116.
23. Hazlitt, H. (2003). Dasar-dasar moralitas. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
24. Kohlberg, L. (1981). Essays on moral development: The philosophy of moral development: Moral Stages and the idea of justice. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
25. Krebs, D. L., & Denton, K. (2005) toward a more pragmatic approach to morality: a critical evaluation of Kohlberg's model. Psychological Review, 112(3), 629–649.
26. Parsons, T., & Shils, E. A. (1951). Toward a general theory of action. New York: Harper & Row.
27. Pittel, S. M., & Mendelsohn, G. A. (1966). Measurement of moral values: A review and critique. Psychological Bulletin, 66(1), 22-35.
28. Schlenker, B. R. (2008) Integrity and character: Implications of principled and expedient ethical ideologies. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(10), 1078-1125.
29. Schwartz, S. H. (1968) Words, deeds and the perception of consequences and responsibility in action situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10(3), 232-242.
30. Taebi, B., & Kadak, A. C. (2010) Intergenerational considerations affecting the future of nuclear power: Equity as a framework for assessing fuel cycles. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 30(9), 1341-1362.
31. Tahrir, N., Damayanti, F.S., & Royani, I (2020). The role of critical thinking as a mediator variable in the effect of internal locus of control on moral disengagement. International Journal of Instruction, 13(1), 17-34.
32. Yang, H., Stoeber, J., & Wang, Y. (2015) Moral perfectionism and moral values, virtues, and judgments: A preliminary investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 229-233.