Effect of Different Levels of Humic Acid and Zinc Sulfate on Morphological and Phytochemical Traits of (Salvia officinalis L.)

علوم باغبانی

Article 3, Volume 37, Issue 3 - Serial Number 59, November 2023, Pages 615-627   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jhs.2022.74403.1120

Authors

Fatemeh Khosravi¹; Mohammad Ali Bahmanyar²; Vahid Akbarpour^{* 3}

¹Sana Sari Higher Education Institute

²Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University

³Department of Horticultural Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari

Abstract

Introduction
 Humic acid as an organic matter, made during chemical processes in the soil leads to improved root growth and aerial part of the plant. It increases the penetration of elements in the plant and improves water permeability. Zinc is involved in the maintenance of root cell membranes, the activation of antioxidant enzymes, and the production of RNA and DNA. This study aimed to investigate the effect of applying humic acid and zinc sulfate on some morphological and phytochemical traits of Salvia officinalis L.
 
Materials and Methods
 In this regard, this experiment was conducted as a factorial based in a completely randomized design with two factors (concentrations of 0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 g/l humic acids and concentrations of 0, 3, 6 and 9 g/l zinc sulfate) in five replications in 2021. The studied traits included plant height, stem diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight, number of sub-branches, chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenols, flavonoids and essential oils. Seedlings of the same size and age as sage were grown under equal. The properties of the soil used in the laboratory were examined. Treatments were sprayed with humic acid 6% and zinc sulfate 34% in five steps, every two weeks.
 
Results and Discussion
Result showed that application of humic acid and zinc sulfate had no significant effect on plant height and only their simultaneous use had a significant effect on this trait and the highest plant height was observed for treatment of 1.5 g/l humic acid and 9 g/l zinc sulfate (66.50 cm). In stem diameter analysis, the use of humic acid (p≤0.01) and the application of zinc sulfate (p≤0.05) and the interaction of these two treatments(p≤0.05) affected the stem diameter. According to the results, the highest stem diameter was 8.69 mm, which occurred in the treatment of 4.5 g/l humic acid and 3 g/l zinc sulfate. Application of humic acid significantly (p ≤ 0.01) affected the fresh weight of the plant. Application of zinc sulfate also had a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on fresh weight. The effect of simultaneous use of humic acid and zinc sulfate on the fresh weight of this plant was significant at the level of 1% probability and the highest fresh weight was 87.26 g.plant^-1, which achieved at a concentration of 4.5 g/l humic acid and 6 g/l zinc sulfate. Compared to the control plant, it has increased by 12.56 grams. The effect of humic acid on dry weight was significant at the level of 5% probability, while the effect of zinc sulfate application on this trait was not significant. The combined use of humic acid and zinc sulfate was significant at the 1% probability level. The maximum dry weight reached 29.73 grams per plant, achieved with a concentration of 4.5 grams per liter of humic acids and 3 grams per liter of zinc sulfate. Both humic acid and zinc sulfate exhibited a significant effect (at the one percent level) on the number of branches. Furthermore, the combined application of humic acid and zinc sulfate proved to be highly effective (p<0.01). The greatest number of sub-branches was observed at the 1.5 grams per liter level of humic acid. Humic acid had a substantial impact on chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids (p≤ 0.01). Similarly, the application of zinc sulfate showed significant effects on chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids (p≤ 0.01), as well as on total chlorophyll (p≤ 0.05). In the end, the simultaneous application of humic acid and zinc sulfate significantly influenced chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids (p<0.01). The most significant effects on photosynthetic pigments (carotenoids, chlorophyll a, and total chlorophyll) were observed with concentrations of 4.5 grams/liter of humic acid and 6 grams/liter of zinc sulfate. The highest chlorophyll b content was obtained with the treatment of 3 grams/liter of humic acid and 6 grams/liter of zinc sulfate. The effect of humic acid and zinc sulfate application as well as their simultaneous use on the amount of phenols and flavonoids was significant at the level of 1% probability. The highest amount of phenol was 0.372 (mg gallic acid per gram of fresh tissue) which was obtained at a concentration of zero zinc sulfate and 3 g/l humic acid. The highest flavonoid content was 0.527 (mg quercin per gram of fresh tissue) which was observed in the treatment of 4.5 g/l humic acids. The use of humic acid had significant effect on the amount of essential oil. The percentage of essential oil reached the highest levels at the concentrations of 1.5 and 3 g/l humic acids.
 
Conclusion
 Based on the results, the use of humic acid alone and in combination with zinc sulfate, had the greatest effect on most of the studied traits.

Keywords

Carotenoids; Flavonoids; Essential oils; chlorophyll; Salvia officinalis

References

1. Abedi Baba Arabi, S., Movahedi Dehnavi, M., Yadavi, A., & Adhami, A. (2011). The effect of foliar application of zinc and potassium on physiological traits and yield of safflower under drought stress. Electronic Journal of Crop Production, 4, 75-95. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.2008739.1390.4.1.6.8
2. Albayrak, S., & Camas, N. (2005). Effects of different levels and application times of humic acid on root and leaf yield and yield components of forage turnip (Brassica rapa). Journal of Agronomy, 42, 130-133. https://doi.org/10.3923/ja.2005.130.133
3. Alizadeh Ahmadabadi, A., Khorasani Nejad, S., & Hemati, K. (2017). The effect of low irrigation and humic acid on morphological characteristics and phytochemical irrigation and Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) root. Journal of Crops, 19(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2017.60403
4. Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.24.1.1
5. Ayad, H.S., Reda, F., & Abdalla, M.S.A. (2010). Effect of putrescine and zinc on vegetative growth, photosynthetic pigments, lipid peroxidation and essential oil content of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens). World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 6(5), 601-608.
6. Azadbakht, M., & Azadbakht, M. (2013). Medicinal botan, Second Edition. Tehran, Arjomand Book. 296 p. (In Persian)
7. Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M., & Chern, J.C. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10(3), 178-182. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2748
8. Curie, C., & Briat, J.F. (2003). Iron transport and signaling in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 54(1), 183-206. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.135018
9. Davoudi fard, M., Habibi, D., & Davoodi fard, F. (2012). Evaluation of the effect of salinity stress on cytoplasmic membrane stability, chlorophyll content and yield components in Wheat inoculated with growth-promoting bacteria and humic acid. Journal of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, 2(8), 71-86.
10. Farhadi, A., Daneshvar, M.A., Eisavand, H.R., & Nazariyan firouzabadi, F. (2017). Effect of humic acid on morphological characteristics, yield components and Matricaria chamomilla essential oil under low irrigation stress. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 33(6), 1060-1071. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijmapr.2018.110671.2036
11. Ghorbani, S., Khazaee, H.R., Kafi, M., Banayan, M., & Sadeghi, M. (2013). The effect of foliar application of different levels of humic acid on yield, yield components and growth indices of maize. Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(4), 325-337. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v2i1.7608
12. Gorgini Shabankareh, H., Sabouri, F., Saedi, F., & Fakheri, B.A. (2017). Effects of different levels of humic acid on growth indices and essential oil of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) under different irrigation regimes. Crop Science Research in Arid Regions, 1(2), 166-176. https://doi.org/10.22034/csrar.01.02.04
13. Gulser, F., Sonmez, F., & Boysan, S. (2010). Effects of calcium nitrate and humic acid on pepper seedling growth under saline condition. Journal of Environmental Biology, 31(5), 873-876.
14. Hargreaves, J.C., Adl M.S., & Warman P.R. (2009). The effects of municipal solid waste compost and compost tea on mineral element uptake and fruit quality of strawberries. Compost Science and Utilization, 17(2), 85-94.
15. Hasibi, A. (2020). Evaluation of changes in some morphological and physiological characteristics of Zataria multiflora with the use of humic acid and fulvic acid. Iranian Plant and Biotechnology Quarterly, 15(2), 53-63. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.17355028.1399.15.2.5.3
16. Hassanpour aghdam, M.B., Tabatabaie, S.J., Nazemiyeh, H., & Aflatuni, A. (2008). N and nutrition levels affect growth and essential oil content of costmary (Tanacetum balsamita). Food, Agriculture and Environment, 6(2), 150-154.
17. Heidari, F., Zehtab Salmasi, S., Javanshir , A., Aliari, H., & Dadpoor, M.R.(2008). Effects of microelements and plant density on Biomass and essential oil production of peppermint (Mentha piperita ). Plant Science Research, 1(1), 24-26.
18. Jones, C.A., Jacobsen, J.S., & Mugaas, A. (2007). Effect of low‐rate commercial humic acid on phosphorus availability, micronutrient uptake, and spring wheat yield. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 38(7-8), 921-933. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620701277817
19. Kamari Shahmalaki, S., Peyvast, GH., & Ghasemnezhad, M. (2012). The effect of humic acid on vegetative traits and yield of Isabella cultivar tomatoes. Journal of Horticultural Sciences (Food Science and Technology), 4(26), 358-363. https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.18148
20. Khalili Mahalleh, J., & Roshdi, M.O.H.S.E.N. (2008). Effect of foliar application of micro nutrients on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of 704 silage corn in Khoy. Seed and Plant Journal, 24(2), 281-293. https://doi.org/10.22092/spij.2017.110804
21. Khorasaninejad, S., Sadeghi, M., & Ebrahimi, P. (2019). The effect of irrigation intervals on growth, physiological and biochemical indices of coneflower (Echinaceae purpurea (L.) Monch) under humic acid foliar application. Journal of Crop Production, 12(3), 101-120. https://doi.org/10.22069/ejcp.2019.16177.2205
22. Malakouti M.J., & Tehrani, M.M. (1999). The role of micronutrients in increasing yield and improving the quality of agricultural products, micro elements with macro impact, Tarbiat Modares University Publications. 328 p. (In Persian)
23. Malakouti, M. (2000). The role of micronutrients in increasing agricultural production in Iran. Technical publication of agricultural education, 70, 123-144.
24. Mazaheri, D., & Hoseini, N. (2002). Fundamentals of general agriculture. University of Tehran Press. 426 p. (In Persian)
25. Miransari, H., Mehrafarin A., & Naghdibadi, H. (2015). Morphophysiological and phytochemical responses of Anethum graveolens to foliar application of ferrous sulfate and zinc sulfate. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 14(2), 15-30. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.2717204.2015.14.54.2.5
26. Mostafavi, A. (2009). Medicinal plants in addition to traditional Azerbaijani medicine, First E Tehran, University Jahad Publications, Tehran Branch. 208 p.
27. Nardi, S., Pizzeghello, D., Muscolo, A., & Vianello, A. (2002). Physiological effects of humic substances on higher plants. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 34(11), 1527-1536. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00174-8
28. Narimani, H., & SHARIFI, R. (2020). Effect of foliar and soil application of zinc on photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence and grain yield of wheat under soil salinity. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 10(2), 89-105. https://doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2020.16140.1861
29. Omidbaigi, R. (2005). Production and Processing of Medicinal Plant (Vol. 2). Beh Nashr Publications. 442 p. (In Persian)
30. Pande, P., Anwar, M., Chand, S., Yadav, V. K., & Patra, D.D. (2007). Optimal level of iron and zinc in relation to its influence on herb yield and production of essential oil in menthol mint. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 38(5-6), 561-578. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620701215627
31. Rajpar, I., Bhatti, M.B., Zia-ul-Hassan, A.N., & Tunio, S.D. (2011). Humic acid improves growth, yield and oil content of Brassica compestris Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences, 27(2), 125-133.
32. Rath, S., Singh, R.L., Singh, B., & Singh, D.B. (1980). Effect of boron and zinc sprays on physio-chemical composition of mango fruits. Punjab Horticultural Journal, 20, 33-35.
33. Ravi, S., & Channal, H.T. (2010). Effect of sulphur, zinc and iron on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by safflower. Asian Journal of Soil Science, 5(1), 178-181.
34. Rostmi, Q., Moqadam, M., Saeedi pouya, E., & Azhadaniyan, L. (2019). Effect of humic acid foliar application on some morphophysiological and biochemical properties (Mentha spicata) under drought stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 12(1), 95-110. https://doi.org/10.22077/escs.2018.1296.1264
35. Said- Al Ahl, H.A.H., & Omer, E.A. (2009). Effect of spraying with zinc and / or iron on growth and chemical composition of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) harvested at three stages of development. Journal of Medicinal Food Plants, 1(2), 30-46.
36. Salehi, B., Bagherzadeh, A., & Ghasemi, M. (2010). Impact of humic acid on growth properties and yield components of three tomato varieties (Lycopersicon esculentum). Journal of Agroecology, 2(4), 640-647. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v2i4.8802
37. Salman, S.R., Abou-Hussein, S.D., Abdel-Mawgoud, A.M.R., & El-Nemr, M.A.(2005). Fruit yield and quality of watermelon as affected by hybrids and humic acid application. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 1(1), 51-58.
38. Sanchooli, N. (2007). Investigation of the effect of ratios of animal manure and chemicals and their mixture on soil properties, Yield and Yield Components of Maize Single Cross 714. Master Thesis in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University.
39. Sarkar, D., Mandal, B., & Kundu, M.C. (2007). Increasing use efficiency of boron fertilisers by rescheduling the time and methods of application for crops in India. Plant and Soil, 301, 77-85.
40. Sharif, M., Khattak, R.A., & Sarir, M.S. (2002). Effect of different levels of lignitic coal derived humic acid on growth of maize plants. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 33(19-20), 3567-3580. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120015906
41. Slinkard, K., & Singleton, V.L. (1977). Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 28(1), 49-55. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1977.28.1.49
42. Song, C.Z., Liu, M.Y., Meng, J.F., Chi, M., Xi, Z.M., & Zhang, Z.W. (2015). Promoting effect of foliage sprayed zinc sulfate on accumulation of sugar and phenolics in berries of Vitis vinifera Merlot growing on zinc deficient soil. Molecules, 20(2), 2536-2554. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20022536
43. Tadayyon, A., & Beheshti, S. (2016). Effect of foliar applications of humic acid, iron and zinc on some characteristics of negro (Guizotia abyssinica). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 10(38 (2)), 283-296.
44. Tripathi, L., & Tripathi, J.N. (2003). Role of biotechnology in medicinal plants. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2(2), 243-253. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v2i2.14607
45. Ulukan, H.A.K.A.N. (2008). Effect of soil applied humic acid at different sowing times on some yield components in wheat (Triticum) hybrids. International Journal of Botany 4(2), 164-175.
46. Vinod, K., Awasthi, G., & Chauchan, P.K. (2012). Cu and Zn tolerance and responses of the biochemical and physiochemical system of wheat. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 8(3), 203-213.
47. Viti, R., Bartolini, S., & Vitagliano, C. (1989). Growth regulators on pollen germination in olive. Journal of Acta Horticulture, 286, 227-230. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1990.286.47
48. Wake, W., & Eric, B. (2008). The most important medicinal plants in the world. Translated by Mehdi Safaei Khoram, Sasan Jafarnia and Sara Khosroshahi. Mashhad: Iran Green Agricultural Education Complex. 442 p.
49. Wang, H., & Jin, J.Y. (2005). Photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and lipid peroxidation of maize leaves as affected by zinc deficiency. Photosynthetica, 43, 591-596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-005-0092-0