Shelf Life Extension of Grouper Fish Fillet (Epinephelus coioides) Using Biodegradable Chitosan/Chia Mucilage Coating Containing Rubia tinctorum L. Plant Extract

مجله پژوهشهای علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران

Volume 21, Issue 1 - Serial Number 91, March and April 2025, Pages 47-59   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/ifstrj.2024.88978.1349

Author

Marjan Nouri^*

Department of Food Science and Technology, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Fish supplies a type of nutrients containing protein and long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and micronutrients such as selenium, iodine, potassium, D and B-vitamins. Groupers are one of the best fishes in the south of Iran that are extensively distributed in tropical and warm waters all over the world. The perishability is considered as one of the main problems for fish with high nutritional value in food supply chains during the shelf life. The use of edible coatings indicates a novel method to extend the shelf life. The aim of present research was to apply biodegradable chitosan/ chia mucilage coating containing Rubia tinctorum L. plant extract (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 % as T₁, T₂, T₃ and also T₄) on the surface of grouper fillet fish to maintain qualitative and microbial attributes during the shelf life (1, 15, 30 and 45 days).
Materials and Methods
The qualitative and qualitative assays (peroxide index (meq O₂/kg sample), thiobarbituric acid (mg MA/kg), total volatile nitrogen (mg /100 g) and trimethylamine (mg /100 g)), microbial counts (aerobic mesophilic and lactic acid bacteria, total coliforms, mold and also yeast), texture (hardness, adhesion, flexibility, cohesiveness and gumminess), sensory attributes (taste, smell, color, texture and overall evaluation) and measurement of identified biogenic amines were carried out during the shelf life.
Results and Discussion
The results illustrated that oxidation parameters of treatments such as peroxide index, trimethylamine, total volatile nitrogen components and thiobarbituric acid were declined by increasing the extract concentration in a fixed time period (p ≥ 0.05). The highest and lowest microbial loads were obtained in T₁ and T₄ during the storage, respectively. The microbial counts increased significantly (p < 0.05) by extending the storage time of treatments and on the other hand, this decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by increasing the concentration of Rubia tinctorum L. extract in a fixed period of time. The utilization of Rubia tinctorum L. extract and chia mucilage in a coating of chitosan created a synergistic effect and led to a lower microbial load in treatments. On the other hand, a reduction was occurred in textural attributes particularly cohesiveness and hardness through moisture loss and drying of coating surface in fillets during storage (p < 0.05). The softening tissue could be related to the higher microbial activities during storage, although intensity of these changes was lower in T₃ and T₄ treatments due to the lower microbial load, which indicated the positive effect of Rubia tinctorum L. extract on maintaining tissue quality. All examined factors changed and most of the mentioned parameters in T₁ and T₂ exceeded the permissible limit during storage, but T₃ and T₄ had better conditions during storage. Finally, fish fillet coated with 1 % Rubia tinctorum L. extract (T₃) compared to others demonstrated better sensory evaluation at the end of shelf life, which was selected as the superior treatment. The type and amount of biogenic amines in control and T₃ (superior sample) illustrated that the highest amine compound was recorded for histamine at 79.87 (mg/kg) on the 15^th day and the lowest level in tyramine at 0.79 (mg/kg) on the 1^st day of storage. The concentration of amines increased significantly during storage time (p < 0.05).
Conclusion
The results shown that applying chitosan/ chia mucilage coating including Rubia tinctorum L. extract has significant effect on extending the shelf life of fish fillets.

Keywords

Anitoxidant; Edible coating; Grouper fillet; Rubia tinctorum L; Shelf life

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