Urban-planning charters: A framework for city-dwelling rights

علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

Article 3, Volume 11, Issue 2 - Serial Number 24, March 2015, Pages 51-76   

Document Type: Scientific-Research

DOI: 10.22067/jss.v11i2.17994

Authors

Mozhgan Azimi Hashemi¹; Neda Razavizadeh^{* 1}; Abdolreza Javan Jafari²

¹ACECR Research Center for Tourism, Mashhad

²Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Abstract

Cities are centers for economic and social opportunities as well as means of growth and development. However, rapid growth of urbanization during the last century – especially in developing countries - has led to several problems. So, urban sustainable development addresses environmental and social sustainability in cities. Since urban sustainability is related to balanced consumption and fair allocation and distribution of resources, defining city-dwelers' rights will have an important position in urban planning. Codification and ratification of urban charters is a way that during two recent decades has been noted by local governments and civil society organizations for assertion of rights in national and international levels. To introduce global experiences in this field, using a documentary method, this study reviews theoretical literature on citizenship rights. Then, the codification characteristics and contents of urban charters in the world have been analyzed individually and comparatively. The main rights in these documents are: equality and non-discrimination, democratic urban management, political participation, transparency in management, information circulation, protection of vulnerable groups, sustainable development, urban services, environment, housing, food, water, energy, health, work, freedom, education, recreation, culture and diversity of cultural heritage, integrity (as tasks ), security, international cooperation. Finally, some implications for the formulation and implementation of urban charters in Iran have been offered.

Keywords

city-dwelling rights; citizenship rights; right to the city; city- planning charter; Sustainable development

References

1. پیران، پرویز. (بی‌تا). گزارش طرح به سوی پایداری و شهروند‌مداری. کتاب‌خانۀ مرکز پژوهش-های شورای شهر (منتشرنشده)

2. ترنر، تام. (1376). شهر همچون چشم‌انداز؛ نگرشی فراتر از فرانوگرایی به طراحی و برنامه‌ریزی شهری. ترجمۀ فرشاد نوریان. تهران: شرکت پردازش و برنامه‌ریزی شهری

3. فیالکوف، یانکل. (1383). جامعه‌شناسی شهر. ترجمۀ عبدالحسین نیک‌گهر. تهران: آگه

4. موسی کاظمی محمدی، سیدمهدی. (1380). «توسعۀ پایدار شهری: مفاهیم و دیدگاه‌ها»، تحقیقات جغرافیایی. 63. صص 94-113.

5. نجاتی حسینی، سید‌محمد. (1385). «جایگاه شهروندی، در گفتمان شوراهای اسلامی». ماه‌نامۀ شوراها. 5. صص 14-16.

6. Brown, Alison and Annali, Kristiansen. (2009). “Urban Policies and the Right to the City Rights, responsibilities and citizenship”. UNESCO & UN-HABITAT, may.

7. Dikeç, Mustafa & Liette, Gilbert. (2002). “Right to the City: Homage or a New Societal Ethics?”. Capitalism Nature Socialism. 13 (2). Pp 58- 74

8. Harvey, David. (2009). “Urban Reform: the right to the city as an alternative to the neoliberalism”. COHRE Bulletin on Housing Rights and the Right to the city in Latin America.

9. Janoski, Thomas. (1997) citizenship and civil society a framework of rights and obligations in liberal traditional and social democratic regime. Cambridge:Cambridge university press.

10. Kristiansen, Annali (2005). "The European Charter For The Safeguarding of Human Rights In The City – Linking Urban Development With Social Equity and Justice". International Public Debates On Urban Policies and the right to the city, 18 March & 16-18 September. Paris: Unesco Headquarters. Paris.

11. McCann, Eugen. J. (2002). “Space, citizenship, and the right to the city: A brief overview”. GeoJourna. 58. Pp 77–79.

12. Mountain Association for Community Economic Development (MACED): Hart Environmental Data, Retrieved 2 30, 2010, from http://archive. rec.org/REC/programs/ sustainablecities/what.html

13. Purcell, Mark. (2003). "Citizenship and the Right to the Global City: Reimagining the Capitalist World Order", International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.. 27. pp 564-90

14. Shlay, Anne. B. & Rosen, Gillad. (2009). “Whose Rights to the City: Competing Claims to Spatial Citizenry in Jerusalem”. Retrieved 10 18, 2009, from http://astro.temple.edu/~ashlay/Rights.doc

15. Wheeler, Sthephen M. and Timothy Beathly.eds. (2004). The sustainable urban development reader. New York: Routledge.