The Effects of Water level Decline on Agriculture of Rural areas around Urumia Lake. Case Study:Northern Marhamatabad County ,Miyandoab Township

جغرافیا و مخاطرات محیطی

Article 3, Volume 2, Issue 1 - Serial Number 5, January 2013, Pages 55-72   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/geo.v2i1.18068

Authors

Behroz Mohammadiyeghani^{* 1}; Mohammad Valaei¹; Mahdi Charaghi²

¹Zanjan University

²University Of Tehran

Abstract

Introduction
One of the most important Environmental hazards that is happening in recent years in Iran is the sudden reduction of water level of Oromiye lake. because of different reasons such as civil Projects, repetitive droughts, an increase in the average temperature in the region, and the resulted inhancement in the evaporation of the lake’s water, it has been susceptible to going dryand has strongly influenced the rural area around the lake, especially the southern parts of the lake. The reduction of the lake's water and the transition of salt to Agricultural landin the region can cause an efficiency fall and even a decrease in the agricultural land and at the end can lead to some serious damages such as the decrease of rural money-making in the region and the province, generating employment, and regression in minor, transferable, and agriculture-dependent industries. Therefore it forces the people of the county to immigrate to cities and causes problems in the cities afterwards.
Being adjacent to Oromiye lake, Rural County of northern Marhamatabad has faced salty agricultural fields and a reduction in the agricultural areas in recent years. Concerning the reduction of the water level of Oromiye lake during recent decades, this research is aimed to investigate the effects of this reduction on rural economy of adjacent rural areas and to find a relationship between the reduction of Oromiye lake's water level and the agricultural economy of rural areas under study.
Study Area
Township of Miandoab has been located in the south of Oromiye lake and southeast of Azarbayejan Gharbi province. The area of this township is 2694 square kilometres, its geographical lengths is 46 degrees and 6 minutes of the west and width is 36 degree and 58 minutes to the north of the equator, and exactly in the middle of plains leading to Oromiye lake with the height of 1314 meters from sea level. The governmental parts of this township, according to the statistical results of census in 1385 are County, city, township and rural. Marhamatabad is of the rural County of this township and the district has been divided to northern Marhamatabad and southern Marhamatabad. According to the demographics of Iran's central census bureau, their population in 1385 was 23828. rural County of northern Marhamatabad has been located in the northwest of Miandoab township and includes 8 rural parts.
Material and Methods

This is an applied research and from methodological point of view is descriptive and analytical. To collect information literature review and field studies (observation, interview and questionnaire) has been used. The location of this study is rural County of northern Marhamatabad of Miandoab Township and the population under study is the farmers of this rural County. According to the demographic data about agriculture in 1382, the profit-making farmers of the year have been 1437 people out of which 264 were selected as our sample volume based on kokran formula. Choosing households at the level of rural areaways on simple random method so that equal opportunity principle would be considered. Based on this same idea and to reach desirable results, a questionnaire has been designed to investigate economic conditions of rural households of the district from 5 points of view and 37 Reagents relating to economic conditions of agriculture. Then to analyse the gathered information, factor analysis and in a method of analysing the main components has been used.
Results and Discussion
Of the most important effects of the lake's water reduction in this County that based on results of factor analysis has been incorporated into the analysis as the first factor and has allocated a considerable amount of variance to itself, is the factor of income and Production practices. This is because of the effects of income on the decrease of providing-ability and unit-purchasing capabilities among farmers, and because of a decrease in opportunity and amount of banking system facilities to develop agriculture and the improvement of managing methods of the fields. Second factor that allocated 14.275 percent of the variance to itself is income, facilities and Production practices. One Of it’s most important effects are the decrease of people’s trust on facilities system and the loss of eagerness to use facilities in groups among farmers, the reduction of none agricultural opportunities and the decrease of farmers’ access to farms. The parameter prioritised as the third one is production method, units and income. Some of the included items of this factor is the increase in the costs of use of agricultural machinery and absence of new Production practices that has leaded to a decrease of employment in agriculture. The fourth factor is management and Production practices. in this, advices of Extension Agent on choosing the kind of plants and cultivation has had the most important influence on economic agriculture.
Conclusion
The Decrease of Oromiye lake's water has had different effects on the development of economic agriculture of northern Marhamatabad rural County (the County of the study). Based on the results of factor analysis , these effects are categorised into eight groups (income and Production practices- income, facilities and Production practices- Production practices, units and income- management and Production practices- income, Production practices and units- units and income- Production practices and income- Production practices) and 80.28 percent of variance has Explained the effects of decrease in Oromiye lake's water level on rural economy of the County. the Results of the research shows that Oromiye lake because of famine, decrease of rainfalls and snowfalls, human factors, and overuse of underground Ground Water, has started to be arid in recent years. Droughts’ extension and the reduction of the lake's water level are serious dangers against farmers which are the biggest source of income for rural people in northwest of Iran. Hurricanes and strong winds gradually transfer salt to agricultural fields in the region and it causes the reduction of cultivation area, rural income, production in the region, generating employment, Lower the boom of industries, transferable industries and agriculture-dependent ones, Salinization of agricultural lands, the destruction of pastures, a decrease in underground water, the destruction of fruit trees and grains and finally the seasonal immigration of rural youth.

Keywords

Rural economy; Ponds; environmental Jeopardies; factor – analysis

References

آستانی، سجاد و همکاران؛ 1390. بررسی گردشگری و اکوتوریسم در تالاب ها به عنوان شاهکارهای خلقت. همایش ملی گردشگری و توسعه پایدار. دانشگاه آزاد همدان. ص 2.

آیالا، ایراسما؛ 1389، مخاطرات طبیعی، ترجمه رضا خوش رفتار، رشد آموزش جغرافیا، دوره بیست و پنجم، شماره ی 2. ص 47.

بیرودان، نادر؛ 1385. مدیرت بحران اصول ایمنی در حوادث غیر منتظره. مشهد. جهاد دانشگاهی مشهد.

پروین، نادر؛ 1390. الگوهای سینوپتیکی شدیدترین خشکسالی حوضة آبریز دریاچة ارومیه. فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی. سال 25 . شماره100. ص 90.

پورمحمدی، محمدرضا و علی مصیب زاده؛ 1387. آسیب پذیر شهرهای ایران در برابر زلزله و نقش مشارکت محله ای در امدادرسانی آنها. مجله جغرافیا و توسعه. شماره 12 . صص 114- 117.

راضی، حبیب و ابوذر وفایی؛ 1389. نگرشى بر مخاطرات طبیعى و انسان‌ساز در روستاهاى کشور. فرهنگ ایمنی. سال پنجم. 106– 119.

سعید نیا، مهری و همکاران؛ 1390. بررسی تأثیر خشک سالی هیدرولوژیکی بر منابع آب زیرزمینی و توسعه کشاورزی درحوضه بهشت آباد با استفاده از مدل ویپ. مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک. جلد هجدهم. شماره سوم. ص18.

سلیمی ترکمانی، حجت؛ 1390. بررسی مشکل زیست محیطی دریاچه اورمیه از منظر حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست. فصلنامه راهبرد. سال بیستم. ص 202- 117.

علیزاده، امین؛ 1389. اصول هیدرولوژی کاربردی. مشهد. انتشارات دانشگاه امام رضا.

مرکز آمار ایران، سرشماری نجومی مسکن سال 1385 - درگاه آمار ایران .www.sci.org.ir

میرزا خانی، آتوسا؛ 1387. تجزیه و تحلیل ریسک سیل و آثار زیانبار آن در ایران. فصلنامه بیمه. 13: 15-8.

نظری دوست، علی؛ 1388. حفاظت از تالاب‌ها؛ سازگاری با تغییرات اقلیمی، طرح حفاطت از تالاب‌های ایران. ویژه نامه روز جهانی تالاب‌ها. بولتون شماره 7.

هلال احمر، پیام؛ 1385. جمعیت هلا ل احمر جمهوری اسلامی ایران. بلایای طبیعی. شماره 121.

وثوقی، غلامحسین و مستجیر، بهزاد؛ 1384. ماهیان آب شیرین .دانشگاه تهران .شماره 2132. چاپ چهارم. صفحه 317 .

Behrouzirad,B., 2005. Diversity of Fish Eating Birds of South.

Cavallo, Eduardo. A., Galiani, Sebastian., Noy, Ilan, & Pantano, Juan., 2010. Catastrophic Natural Disasters and Economic Growth. IDB Working Paper Series IDB-WP-183. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank.

Costanza, R., & Farley, J., 2007. Ecological economics of coastal disasters: Introduction to the special issue. Ecological economics, 63(3), 249–253.

Elmira Hassanzadeh & Mahdi Zarghami &Yousef Hassanzadeh., 2012. Determining the Main Factors in Declining the Urmia Lake Level by Using System Dynamics Modeling, Water Resour Manage , 26:129–145.

EM‌_DAT: the ofD/CRED. Internaional disaster database, www.dat.universite Catolique de Louvain – Brussels – Belgium, 2004.

Jazayeri A.25 provinces of 28 exposed to drought in the country, transportation industry, 2000, 191: 10-11.

Karbassi, Abdolreza, Gholamreza Nabi Bidhendi, Amirhossein Pejman, Environmental impacts of desalination on the ecology of Lake Urmia, Journal of Great Lakes Research, Volume 36, Issue 3, September 2010, Pages 419-42

Manouchehri A. Drought and shallow water crisis, challenges, policies and plans to encounter, Water & Enviroment, , 2001, 45:15-21.

National Drought Policy Commission (NDPC)., 2000. Preparing for drought in the new Millennium. Retrived from the world wide web: http:// www.fsa.usda.gov /drought /report.pdf

Nayeb Abbasi M .National Committee of Natural Disasters Reduction, forest andpasture, 1996, 31: 56-57.

NORMAN V. LOAYZA, EDUARDO OLABERRI´A., 2012. Natural Disasters and Growth: Going Beyond the Averages, World Development Vol. 40, No. 7, pp. 1317–1336.

Rattien, Stephen., 1990. The Role of Media in Hazard Mitigation & Disaster Management,

Sands QC, Philippe., 2003. Principles of International Environmental Law,Cambridge University Press.

Sivakumar, Aruna, B.Tech.; M.S.E., 2005. TOWARD A COMPREHENSIVE. UNIFIED, FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYZING SPATIAL LOCATION CHOICE. Publication TUniversity of Texas at Austin December

SZABOLCS., 1995. Global overview of sustainable management of salt affected soils. Proceedins of the international workshop on integrated soil management for sustainable use of sal affected soils.Manila,Philippine.

Taherkhani, M., 2000. Studying the effective factors of rural-urban migration: new topics, Development & Rural Quarterly,; 3 ( 4):28-1.

The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands., 2006. Designating Ramsar Sites: Ramsar Handbooks for the wise use of wetlands, 3th Edition, p. 110.

UNDP., 2002. An overview of disaster management. Training modules, un. disaster management Training program

Walters, Dan, et al., 2003. Agricultural drainage and wetland management in Ontario, Journal of Environmental Management 69 , 369–379.

Wetland International, (WI)., 2005. http:// www.wetlands.org

Astani، Sajjad And et، 2011، Tourism and ecotourism at wetlands as masterpieces of creation ، National Conference on Tourism and Sustainable Development, University of Hameda.

Birvadan، Nader، 2006، Disaster management & the principles of security ، Mashhad University Jihad.

Parvin، Nader، 2011، Synoptic Patterns of the Most Severe Drought Over Uremia Lake Basin ، Geographical Research ، Year 25, No. 100

Pour-Mohammadi ، MR and Ali Mosayebzadeh ، 2008، earthquake vulnerable cities in Iran and the role of community participation in aid ، Research Geographical and development، No12. Pp 117-123.

Crescent message ، 2006، HeLaL population of the Iranian Red, Natural Disasters ، NO 112

Razi، Habib and Aboozar Vafaei ، 2009، In view of the risks of natural and man-of country the rural ، Safety Culture ، Year 5، pp 106-119

Saeedinia M and et,2011, Evaluation of Drought Effect on the Ground Water Resource and Agricultural Development in the Behesht Abad Basin Using WEAP Model, Water and Soil Conservation, Vol. 18..

Salimi، hojjat, 2011، Lake of the environmental problem from the perspective of international environmental law ، Journal strategy twentieth year, pp. 202-117.

Zia Tavana، MH and et ، 2010، Comparative effects of water loss on agricultural activities in rural areas of Sistan-Helmand ، Human Geography Research, Volume 42, pp. 65-49.

Amin Alizadeh ، 2010، Principles of applied hydrology ، Imam Reza University Press.

Alipour H. ، And et , 2013,Effects of drought on socio-economic status of farmers: A case study on the Nehbandans wheat farmers ، Watershed Management Research (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi) No 99 pp: 113-125

tatistical Center of Iran, General Census of Housing, 2006 - Portal of Statistics. www.sci.org.ir

Mohammadi yeghaneh, behroz And et ، 2012، Analyzing and Explaining the Effects of Drought on the Rural Economy During the Period 1996-2006 (Case Study: Township Abarkouh) ، ournal Regional Planning, No. 6, pp. 64-57

Myza Khani, Atosa ، 2008، Iran Flood risk analysis and its detrimental effects of ، Insurance Journal ، pp 8-15

Nazari dost,Ali، 2009، Protection of Wetlands; Adapting to climate change, conservation of Iranian Wetlands Project ، World Wetlands Day Special Issue, Bolton (7).

VOSOUGHI, Gholam Hossein Behzad Mstjyr, 1388. Freshwater fish. Publications, Tehran University.

Hoshyari, P. and G. Mohammadi, 2009 ,Lake ecosystem unique publication brought

Abdolreza Karbassi, Gholamreza Nabi Bidhendi, Amirhossein Pejman, Environmental impacts of desalination on the ecology of Lake Urmia, Journal of Great Lakes Research, Volume 36, Issue 3, September 2010, Pages 419-42

Aruna Sivakumar, B.Tech.; M.S.E.(2005), TOWARD A COMPREHENSIVE, UNIFIED, FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYZING SPATIAL LOCATION CHOICE, Publication TUniversity of Texas at Austin December

Behrouzirad, B (2005), Diversity of Fish Eating Birds of South

Barnett,Jon & Neil Adger, W. :Climate change, human security and violent conflict , Political Geography 26 (2007) 639e655

Cavallo, Eduardo. A., Galiani, Sebastian, Noy, Ilan, & Pantano, Juan (2010). Catastrophic Natural Disasters and Economic Growth. IDB Working Paper Series IDB-WP-183. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank.

Costanza, R., & Farley, J. (2007). Ecological economics of coastal disasters: Introduction to the special issue. Ecological economics, 63(3), 249–253.

Dan Walters, Dan Shrubsole (2003), Agricultural drainage and wetland management in Ontario, Journal of Environmental Management 69 , 369–379.

Development stratejres in Times of Disaster. Boulder ,westview press/ london, In termediate Technology Publications

Disaster Press, vol. 1

Elmira Hassanzadeh & Mahdi Zarghami &Yousef Hassanzadeh (2012), Determining the Main Factors in Declining the Urmia Lake Level by Using System Dynamics Modeling, Water Resour Manage , 26:129–145

Geomorphology, natural hazards, vulnerability and prevention of natural disasters in developing countries, Geomorphology 47 (2002).

Jazayeri A.25 provinces of 28 exposed to drought in the country, transportation industry, 2000, 191: 10-11. [In Persian]

Manouchehri A. Drought and shallow water crisis, challenges, policies and plans to encounter, Water & Enviroment, , 2001, 45:15-21. [In Persian]

National Drought Policy Commission (NDPC). (2000). Preparing for drought in the new Millennium. Retrived from the world wide web: http:// www.fsa.usda.gov /drought /report.pdf

Nayeb Abbasi M .National Committee of Natural Disasters Reduction, forest andpasture, 1996, 31: 56-57. [In Persian]

NORMAN V. LOAYZA, EDUARDO OLABERRI´A (2012), Natural Disasters and Growth: Going Beyond the Averages, World Development Vol. 40, No. 7, pp. 1317–1336.

Rattien, Stephen (1990). The Role of Media in Hazard Mitigation & Disaster Management,

Sands QC, Philippe (2003), Principles of International Environmental Law,Cambridge University Press.

SZABOLCS, (1995). Global overview of sustainable management of salt affected soils. Proceedins of the international workshop on integrated soil management for sustainable use of sal affected soils.Manila,Philippine.

Taherkhani M (2000). Studying the effective factors of rural-urban migration: new topics, Development & Rural Quarterly,; 3 ( 4):28-1. [In Persian]

The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (2006), Designating Ramsar Sites: Ramsar Handbooks for the wise use of wetlands, 3th Edition, p. 110.

UNDP) 2002).An overview of disaster management. Training modules, un. disaster management Training program

Wetland International, (WI),)2005(, http:// www.wetlands.org

Climatechange.ir