تحلیلی بر جایگاه مولفه های سه گانه ملت ، ملیت و هویت در ساختار حاکمیتی اسلام مبتنی بر نگرش های بنیادی جغرافیای سیاسی

پژوهش ‎های جغرافیای سیاسی

مقاله 3، دوره 3، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 11، فروردین 1397، صفحه 67-89   

نوع مقاله: مقالات علمی -پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/pg.v3i11.79029

نویسنده

کیومرث یزدان پناه درو^*

دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

جغرافیای سیاسی علمی است که با تلفیق بینش های سیاسی و جبر حاکم بر محیط جغرافیایی ، نگرشی متفاوت و واقع بینانه بر ساختارهای سیاسی حکومت ها ارائه می دهد.این علم با رکن قراردادن مولفه های سرزمین، ملت، هویت و حکومت ، به اهمیت موضوع بر اساس ساختار جغرافیای کشورها می پردازد.گرچه از قرن هفدهم میلادی و با انعقاد قرارداد صلح وستفالیا، تأسیس حکومت­های سرزمینی و شکل­گیری دولت­های قوی ، به یک پارادایم غالب جهانی تبدیل شد اما با توجه به کارکرد حکومت های اقتدار گرا ،طولی نکشید که حاکمیت از پادشاهان مطلق نگر به ملت­ها بر مبنای قاعده انتخاب ، تفویض شد و ملت­ها مسئول تشکیل دولت های ملی شدند و حاکمیت ملی را در اختیار گرفتند. این پدیده با کیفیت مختلف در سرتاسر جهان به انجام رسید و هر حکومتی مدعی است که از طرف ملت خود به حاکمیت رسیده و در تلاش است تا با تقویت بنیه فکری ملت خویش، پایه­های حکومت خود را بیش از پیش مستحکم کند؛ بررسی ساختار حکومت ها در منطقه غرب آسیا که بخشی از گستره تمدنی جهان اسلام به شمار می آید، با چالش­های اساسی در باب حکمرانی مواجه است. در این مقاله با بهره گیری از توصیف- تحلیل در سه باب موضوعی جغرافیای سیاسی – مبانی حکومت اسلامی و مولفه های هویت زا چالش­های موجود در باب حکمرانی مطلوب مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. به نظر می­رسد که اندیشه سیاسی اسلام، با ایجاد تردید در شاخص­ هایی که به حکومت ملت­ پایه می­انجامد، آنها را به رسمیت نشناخته و مبانی و شاخصه ­هایی متفاوت از آنچه که مطرح است ارائه می­نماید. شاخص ­هایی که از نص صریح قرآن، شیوه حکومتی پیامبر اکرم(ص) و تعالیم ائمه اطهار(ع) گرفته شده و همگی بر نقش مستقیم خداوند در حاکمیت مطلق بر جهان و تأسیس حکومت بر اساس محورهای دینی و عقیدتی دلالت دارد. بنابراین، به دلیل تفاوت و اختلاف ماهوی میان اندیشه سیاسی اسلام و اندیشه سیاسی اومانیستی غرب، اصلی­ترین مجموعه چالش­های اسلام در بحث حکومت، مؤلفه ­هایی است که مبانی حکومت ملت­پایه به طور سنتی را تشکیل می­دهد. از این منظر نگاهی چالشی بر اساس استدلال های مبانی محور و تطبیق آن با نگرش های نوین جغرافیای سیاسی در باب حکومت – ملت به موضوع بر این نوشتار حاکم است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

جغرافیا سیاسی؛ مشروعیت سیاسی؛ حکومت اسلامی؛ حاکمیت الهی؛ ملت و هویت

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