The Analysis of the Impacts of Tourism on the Quality of Rural Life (Case Study: Uraman District of Sarvabad County

Journal of Research and Rural Planning

مقاله 8، دوره 5، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 13، تیر 2016، صفحه 163-179   

نوع مقاله: علمی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jrrp.v5i1.46943

نویسندگان

Seyyed Hadi Tayebnia^{* 1}؛ Sadi Mohammadi²؛ Suran Manochehri³

¹University of Sistan & Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran

²Payam-e-Noor University, Marivan, Iran

³Education & Training of Kurdistan Province, Sanandaj, Iran

چکیده

Extended Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
In Iran, the quality of rural life by tourists has changed a lot. These changes have had both positive effects and negative and undesirable changes. One of the important places of rural tourism in Iran is the Uraman District in Sarvabad County in the west of Kurdistan. This district has various potential capacities in the field of tourism and as one of the tourism hubs in province and the country which receives a large number of domestic and foreign tourists every year. Now the issue studied in this investigation is the fact that how development of tourism has affected the quality of rural life in this district. Since, according to the level of tourism development, several changes occur in the quality of rural life which due to the role of local communities in sustainable tourism; identification and assessment of the current situation, changes in the quality of life, is necessary for the persistence and rural tourism boom. The purpose of this study is examining the impact of tourism on the quality of rural life in this area. So the main research question arising is: what effects the tourism has had on the quality of rural life in the "Uraman" district.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The issue of quality of life from the early 1990s onwards, in the theoretical literature and development, has acquired great importance and has been the basis of differentiation and classification of the countries in the recent years. If the tourism improves the quality of life of residents, it will faced the support and acceptance. But if the quality of life of residents through tourism development over the environment tolerance reduced, residents don’t support this industry. In relation to this, various models have been proposed by researchers in the field of tourism. One of these models is Butler's life cycle. In this model, it is believed that in the beginning, desired changes in the quality of life of residents through tourism development occur in destination. But then, when the bearing capacity of the environment or the acceptable level of society changes reach its threshold, negative changes due to tourism development is emerged and the quality of life of destination residents will degrade.
3- METHODOLOGY
This study in terms of purpose is applied and in terms of methodology is descriptive - analytical. The data collection of the theoretical part is that of documentary and in the field-based part interviews and distributed questionnaires have been used. Statistical populations of this study are the households’ heads of villages of “Uraman” District in Sarvabad County. Firstly, Cochran formula has been used to determine the sample size. Among households’ heads of selected villages, then by using correction method360households were selected randomly. Due to the extension of the area and difficulty of access, 20%, namely 3 villages of 14 villages of this district which has the highest volume of tourism and are among the tourism target villages of this area were selected. By specifying the number of distributed questionnaires in each village by category, questionnaires were distributed randomly among the heads of households in these villages.
4– DISCUSSION
From the perspective of residents, tourism has developed the economic and social aspects in the average level and the physical aspect at a desirable level and has improved their quality of life. Only in the environmental dimension, rural residents, evaluated negative and less of numerical utility tested the impact of the tourism development. In total, the calculated average has shown 3.14 which means that the tourism development results in significance level of 0.05 namely with 95% confidence leads to improve the quality of life of residents. Meanwhile, smaller calculated significance from alpha 0.05 in the two-sample t-test, shows a significant difference in quality of life among people whose jobs depend on tourism with those people that their jobs are not related to tourism. Also smaller calculated significantly from the alpha level of 0.05in the one-way analysis of variance, shows the difference in the quality of life of rural residents in the three villages being studied. Finally, by analyzing and summarizing the findings and statements of local people, it can be stated that the situation of study area in combination model of Butler and Doxy within the development range face of indifferently stage.
5– CONCLUSION
To improve the environmental aspect of quality of villager’s life, full implementation of the guide plans along with the strengthening of environmental non-governmental association established in rural areas can be useful. Improvement of cultural backgrounds among the local people and even among tourists along with the distribution of brochures or writings some sentences in the importance of nature at the sites of the resort is another strategy for improving the environmental quality of the region's tourism villages. Path analysis model showed that in addition to the economic dimension of the quality of life of the villagers, had a direct impact with indirect impact on other dimensions, has changed and improved them and generally, has improved the overall quality of rural resident’s life. Considering this, it should be tried that the benefits of tourism among rural residents distributed. Also, to solve the problem of the movement condition of tourist area toward the in difference, preparing short-term programs are essential.

کلیدواژه‌ها

quality of life؛ Tourism؛ Uraman District؛ Sarvabad County

مراجع

1. Abdi, A., & Goudarzi, M. (1378/1999). Cultural developments in Iran, the first edition. (1st ed.). Tehran: Ravesh Press. [In Persian]

2. Afarinesh, B. (1389/2010). Examining trends and attitudes of residents towards tourism development (Case study: Soltanieh district rural areas of Abhar County). Unpublished master's thesis, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran. [In Persian]

3. Akkawi, M. (2010). Resident attitudes towards tourism development in conservative cultures: The case of Qatar. Retrieved on March 23, 2014 from https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/5298 ‏

4. Alvares, D. (2004). life cycle modelling for tourism areas. Canadian Geographer, 19(1), 2-12.

5. Anbari, M. (1389/2010). Investigate the Changes quality of life in Iran in 1986 to 2006. Journal of Rural Development, 2(1), 149-181. [In Persian]

6. Andriotis, K. (2003). The tourism life cycle: an overview of the Cretan case. Tourism Management, 4(1), 2-21.

7. Aref, F. (2011). The effects of tourism on quality of life: a case study of Shiraz, Iran. Life Science Journal, 8(2), 4-25.

8. Bahrami, R. (2013). Analysis of the role of tourism and its impact on rural development (Case study of the central part of Marivan). Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences Tech J Engin & App Sci, 3(12), 1074-1080.

9. Beeton, S. (2006). Community development through tourism. Collingwood, Australia: Landlinks Press.

10. Böhnke, P. (2008). Does society matter? Life satisfaction in the enlarged Europe. Social Indicators Research, 87(2), 189-210. ‏

11. Cagliero, R. (2010). The possible effects in piedmontrdp and quality of life in rural areas. Rural development: Governance, policy design and delivery Ljubljana, Slovenia.

12. Chai, W. (2009). Introduction to tourism, personal, social and humanities education. Section Education Bureau.

13. Daneshmehr, H. (1391/2012). Examine the role of ecotourism and its effects on the development of rural areas by using SWOT analysis. Journal of Rural Researches, 3(3), 240-215. [In Persian]

14. Ebrahimi, S. (1393/2014). Comparative evaluation of methods of reconstruction of rural settlement affected by the earthquake disaster and its impact on quality of life of residents (Case Study: Village Hesarvliasr in Avaj County- Qazvin province). Unpublished master's thesis, Zanjan university, Zanjan, Iran. [In Persian]

15. Epley, R.D., & Menon, M. (2007). A method of assembling crosssectional indicators into a community quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 88(2), 281-296.

16. European Communities. (2006). The au rural development policy 2007- 2013. Brussels, Belgium, Retrieved 2015, from http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/index_en.htm.

17. Frahani, H. (1387/2008). Measure and assess the quality of rural life in the reconstruction following the earthquake disaster (Case study: Shirvan district). Journal of Geographical Thought, 3(21), 68-85. [In Persian]

18. Frey, B. (2002). Happiness & Economics. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.

19. Gabriel, S.A. (2003). Compensating differentials and evolution in the quality of life among US States. Regional and Urban Science Economics, 33(2), 619-649.

20. Garay, L. (2010). life cycles, stages and tourism history the Catalonia (Spain) Experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(2), 651–671.

21. Gondos, B. (2014). Relationship Between Tourism and Quality of Life: Researches at Lake Balaton. In Human Capital without Borders: Knowledge and Learning for Quality of Life. Proceedings of the Management, Knowledge and Learning International Conference 2014 (pp. 879-888). To Know Press. ‏

22. keovilay, T. (2012). Tourism and development in rural communities: Case study of Luang Namtha Province. Lao PDR. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Tourism Management at Lincoln University.

23. Kim, K. (2002). the Effects of Tourism Impacts upon Quality of Residents in the Community (Doctoral dissertation). Blacksburg, Virginia: Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University). ‏

24. Kordzanganeh, J. (1385/2006). Investigate Quality of life related to health of the elderly and its influencing factors (Case study: Ramhormoz City). Unpublished master's thesis, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]

25. Kostas, E. (2002). Rural tourism: An opportunity for sustainable development of rural areas. Retrieved 2015, from http: www.sillignakis.com.

26. Kožić, I., & Mikulić, J. (2012). An exploratory assessment of tourism sustainability in Croatian coastal destinations. EFZG Working Paper Series/EFZG Serija Članaka u Nastajanju, (04), 1-12. ‏

27. Lee, Y. J. (2008). Subjective quality of life measurement in Taipei. Building and Environment, 43(7), 1205-1215. ‏

28. Markandya, A., Taylor, T., & Pedroso, S. (2003). Tourism and sustainable development: Lessons from recent World Bank experience. In International conference on tourism and sustainable economic development: Macro and micro economic issues. CRENoS (Università di Cagliari e Sassari, Italy) and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Italy, Chia Laguna Hotel, Sardinia (pp. 19-20). ‏

29. Mojica, M. N. (2010). Valuing Community Attributes in Rural Counties of West Virginia Using Data Envelopment Analysis, Journal of Rural and Community Development, 5(3). 133–142.

30. Muzzo, U. (2013). Quality of life of residents and sustainability in the destination community: emerging research areas. Conference of Tourism & Hospitality. The Highway to Sustainable Regional Development June 28-30, 2013, Yerevan, Armenia.

31. Qadamy, M. (1389/2010). Investigate the role of Tourism in changes of destination quality of life (Case Study: Kelarabad County). Iranian Journal of Social Studies, 4(3), 152-175. [In Persian]

32. Rezvani, M., & Mansourian, M. (1387/2008). Quality of life and provide a model for rural areas. Journal of Rural and Development. 11(3), 1-26. [In Persian]

33. Rezvany, M. (1390/2011). Second home tourism and its impact on improving the quality of life of the inhabitants (Case study: Rudbar Qasran District). Journal of Urban and Regional Studies and Research, 4(13), 23-40. [In Persian]

34. Richard, J. (2013). Recreation, tourism, and rural well-being. (No. 7). Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.

35. Santos, L.D., & Martins, I. (2007). Monitoring urban quality of life: The Porto experience. Social Indicators Research, 80(2), 411-425.

36. Sonja, F. (2003). State of the art report on life quality assessment in the field of transport and mobility. Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Linoeping, Sweden.

37. Stiglitz, J., Sen. A., & Fitoussi, B. (2009). Report by the commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress. Retrieved 2014, July. 19, http: www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr.

38. Sulaiman, M. Y., Hayrol Azril, M.S., Salleh, M.H., Mohd, O.S., Bahaman, A.S., Asnarulkhadi, A.S., & Ramli, S.A. (2011). Factors affecting the quality of life among the rural community living along Pahang River and Muar River in Malaysia. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(8), 868-875.

39. Susniene, D., & Jurkauskas, A. (2015). The concepts of quality of life and happiness–correlation and differences. Engineering Economics, 63(4), 1-12. ‏

40. Yeganeh, B. (1392/2013) The role of religious tourism in rural development (Case study: Village of Qychaq). Journal of Geographic Applied Sciences, 13(30), 7-25. [In Persian]

41. Ziaee, M., & Ziaee, H. (1392/2013). Development of strategic areas of tourist destinations using theoretical match. Journal of Geography and Urban-Regional Planning, 9(3), 15-28. [In Persian]