Green Algae (Dasycladales) from Paleocene deposits in Western Birjand (Grong section)

رخساره‌های رسوبی

Article 1, Volume 10, Issue 1, December 2017, Pages 1-22   

Document Type: مقالات پژوهشی

DOI: 10.22067/sed.facies.v10i1.51979

Authors

Farzaneh Barani¹; Koorosh Rashidi^{* 1}; Naser Raisolssadat²; Marzieh Khazaee¹

¹Payame Noor University

²Birjand University

Abstract

Introdaction
The study area is located between Lut and Helmand blocks. This area is named Eastern Iran Flysch Basin. This basin is surrounded between Nehbandan fault in the west and Harirrud fault in the east (Stöcklin, 1968). Post Cretaceous deposits of Birjand area are composed of different facies with variations thickness. Paleogene deposits in Birjand area formed after Laramid orogeny phase in Paleocene and ended in late Middle Eocene (Eftekharnezhad, 1986).
The studied section is located about 60 kilometers west of Birjand. Access to the outcrop is along Birjand-Kerman road. After passing through Khusf city and Dastgerd village, a gravel road separated from Birjand-Kerman road. The measured section is near Gorong village. The geographical position of the section is 32o 52′ north latitude and 58o 52′ east longitude. This section is about 26 kilometers North West of Khusf City.
Paleocene deposits in the study area include sandstone and conglomerate at the base, then changes to sandy limestone, marly limestone, thick bedded to massive limestone in middle and upper parts, and marly limestone and conglomerate in uppermost part.
In order to study algae in carbonate beds, samples collected from different intervals. Sampling interval is between 1/5 meters and 3 meters, which in clastic beds the intervals are greater than carbonate beds. Ninety samples have been collected in the field and thin sections prepared from all samples.. The photomicrograph of fossils prepared and based on references, genera and species of algae, identified, described and introduced.
 
Discussion
The thickness of measured stratigraphical section is 342/5 meters and could be divided into four units. There are conglomerate beds above the boundary (unit A and B). In uppermost part of unit D also there are conglomerate beds. It seems the lower and upper boundaries are disconformable. The lithology of units are as follows:
Unit A- The lower part of this unit is covered, then 53 meters of marl and with thin intercalated limestone beds are present.
Unit B- This unit include 111 meters of conglomerate at the base, then changes to sandstone and massive limestone.
Unit C- This unit is composed of 144.5 meters of thick bedded limestone with marly limestone.
Unit D- This unit is composed of 34 meters marly limestone in lower part and conglomerate and sandstone in upper part.
After studing thin sections of units B and C, the following algae are identified; Clypeina occidentalis, Clypeina aff. dragastani, Clypeina cf. haglani, Clypeina elliotti, Clypeina cf. elliotti Clypeina cf. lucana, Cymopolia cf. frugifera, Cymopolia edwarsi, Cymopolia cf. mayaensis, Cymopolia drobneae, Cymopolia satyavanti, Dissocladella aff. longijangensis, ?Broeckella sp., Orioporella villattai, and Ovulites cf. arabica. In all identified genera and species, all parameters such as outer and inner diameters, branch diameter in proximal and distal, number of branches in every verticil were measured.
 
Results and Conclusion
Although the Paleocene deposits in western Birjand consist of clastic and carbonate sequences, the carbonate deposits contain a good variety of algae especially green algae. The most important identified genera and species are Clypeina occidentalis, Clypeina aff. dragastani, Clypeina cf. haglani, Clypeina elliotti, Clypeina cf. elliotti Clypeina cf. lucana, Cymopolia cf. frugifera, Cymopolia edwarsi, Cymopolia cf. mayaensis, Cymopolia drobneae, Cymopolia satyavanti, Dissocladella aff. longijangensis, ?Broeckella sp., Orioporella villattai, Ovulites cf. arabica. The assemblage algae confirm Paleocene age and foraminifera such as Kathina sp., Mississippiana binkhorsti, Mississippiana sp., Rotorbinella detrecta, Rotalia sp. also support this age.
 
Keywords: Lut block; East Iran; Paleocene; algae; dasycladacean; Birjand.
 
Reference
Stocklin, J., 1968. Structural history and tectonic of Iran. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 52: 1229-1258.
Eftekharnezhad, J. (1986) 1:100000 Geological Map of Birjand. Iran’s Geological Survey and Mineral Explorations Publications, Tehran, Iran.

Keywords

Lut block; East Iran; Paleocene; algae; dasycladacean; Birjand

References

منابع

آقانباتی، ع.، 1383. زمین‌شناسی ایران. سازمان زمین‌شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور، تهران، 586 ص.

افتخارنژاد، ج.، 1365. نقشه زمین‎شناسی ورقه خوسف، مقیاس 1:100000. سازمان زمین‎شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور.

حاجیان، ج.، 1375. پالئوسن ـ ائوسن در ایران. سازمان زمین‌شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور، 500 ص.

حلمی، ف.، 1372. چینه‌شناسی و دیرینه‌زیستی برش گرونگ (غرب بیرجند). فصلنامه علوم ‌زمین، 8: 43-34.

جلیلی، ف.، رئیس‌السادات، س.ن.، امیر‌شاه‌کرمی، م.، میراب‌شبستری، غ. ر.، 1393. زیست چینه‌نگاری نهشته‌های کرتاسه بالایی در شمال بیرجند (برش شوشود). مجله پژوهش‌های چینه‌نگاری و رسوب‌شناسی، 30: 61-47.

رئیس‌السادات، س. ن.، شکری، م.ح.، 1389. چینه‌شناسی نهشته‌های پالئوسن- ائوسن در منطقه بیرجند. چهاردهمین همایش انجمن زمین‌شناسی ایران و بیست و هشتمین گردهمایی علوم‌زمین، دانشگاه ارومیه، 27-25.

رئیس‌السادات، س.ن.، بابازاده، س.ا.، محمد‌زاده،ه.، 1390. چینه‌شناسی و تفسیر محیط رسوبی نهشته‌های ائوسن براساس فرامینیفرا در ناحیه خوسف (غرب بیرجند). مجموعه مقالات پنجمین همایش انجمن دیرینه‌شناسی ایران، مرکز بین‌المللی علوم و تکنولوژی پیشرفته در علوم محیطی، کرمان، ص 296.

شاعری‌خیبری، ف.، امیر‌شاهکرمی، م.ا.، خزاعی، ا.ر.، میراب‌شبستری، غ.ر.، 1391. بایوزوناسیون واحد‌های کربناته پالئوژن ناودیس چینگ‌در (غرب بیرجند) بر مبنای فرامینیفرای کف‌زی. شانزدهمین همایش انجمن زمین شناسی ایران، دانشگاه شیراز.

صمدی افخم، م.، رئیس السادات، س.ن.، میراب شبستری، غ.ر.، شکری، م.ح.، 1391. سنگ چینه‌نگاری و زیست چینه‌نگاری نهشته‌های پالئوسن ـ ائوسن در برش دهن رود (شمال‌غرب بیرجند). مجموعه مقالات ششمین همایش انجمن دیرینه شناسی ایران، 105-100.

هاشمی‌عزیزی، س.ح.، میراب‌شبستری، غ.ر.، خزاعی، ا.ر.، 1392. بررسی پتروگرافی رخساره‌های رسوبی و دیاژنز نهشته‌های کربناته پالئوسن- ائوسن ناودیس چینگ در غرب بیرجند، شرق ایران. فصلنامه پژوهش‌های چینه‌نگاری و رسوب‌شناسی، 29 (3): 122-107.

Aguirre, J. & Riding, R., 2005. Dasycladalean Algal Biodiversity Compared with Global Variations in Temperature and Sea level over the Past 350 Myr. Palaios, 20: 581-588.

Barattolo, F., 1978. Su di una nuova dasicladacea (Alghe verdi) nel Paleocene dell’Appennino meridinale. Bollettino della Società dei naturalisti in Napoli., 87: 83-158, (in Italy).

Barattolo, F., & Romano, R., 2002. Clypeina bucuri n. sp. and Clypeina lucana n. sp. (green algae, Dasycladales) from the uppermost Paleocene (?) –Lower Eocene of Trentinara Formation (Southern Italy). In: Bucur, I.I. & Filipescu, S. (eds.), Research advances in calcareous algae and microbial carbonates. Proceedings of the 4th IFAA Regional Meeting, Cluj-Napoca, 41-69.

Bassoullet, J.P., Bernier, P., Conrad, M.A., Deloffre, A., & Jaffrezo, M., 1978. Les algues dasycladales du Jurassique et du Cretace. Geobios, memoire special 2: 1-330, (in French).

Beckmann, J.P., & Beckmann, R., 1966. Calcareous algae from the Cretaceous and Tertiary of Cuba. Schweizerische Palaeontologische Abhandlungen, 85: 1- 45.

Chiocchini, M., Mancinelli, A., Molinari-Paganelli, V., & Tilia-Zuccari, A., 1979. Repartition stratigraphique des Algues Dasycladales et Codiacees dans les successions Mesoozoiques de plate- form carbonatee du Lazio centre- meridional (Italie). Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Exploration- Production, Elf-Aquitaine, 3 (2): 525-535, (in Italy).

Deloffre, R., Fleury, J.J., & Mavrikas, G., 1991. Les Algues calcaires du Maastrichtien- Paleocene de la plate- forme de Gavrovo- Tripolitza (Grece): Une floraison liee a un Diastrophisme. Geobios, 24: 515-536, (in French).

Deloffre R., & Granier B., 1992. Inventaire critique des algues Dasycladales fossiles. Revue de Paleobiologie, Genève, 11 (2): 331-356, (in French).

Deloffre, R., Poignant, A.F., & Teherani, K., 1977. Calcareous Algae from Albo- Aptian to Paleocene in central Iran. Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Exploration- Production, Elf-Aquitaine, 1: 29-57, (in French).

Deloffre, R., & Radoičić, R., 1978. Paleocene Calcareous Algae (Dasycladales) of Slovenia (Yugoslavia). Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Exploration-Production, Elf-Aquitaine. 2 (1): 61- 5.

Dieni, I., Massari, F., & Radoičić, R., 1985. Paleocene dasycladalean algae from Orosei (Eastern Sardinia). Memorie di Scienze Geologiche., 38: 1-77.

Dieni, G., & Radoičić, R., 1999. Clypeina dragastani sp. nov., Salpingoporella granieri sp. nov., and other dasycladalean algae from the Berriasian of eastern Sardinia. Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae., 2: 105-123.

Elliott, G.F., 1968. Permian to Palaeocene calcareous algae (Dasycladacea) of the Middel East. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Geology), 4: 1-111.

Elliott, G.F., 1978. A new dasycladacean algae from the Paleocene of Kurdistan. Palaeontology, 21: 687-691.

Elliott, G.F., 1991. Dasycladacean algae of the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic. In: Riding, R. (ed.), Calcareous algae and stromatolites. Springer, 125-130.

Flügel, E., 2004. Microfacies of Carbonate rocks. Springer-Verlag, 976 p.

Granier, B., Radoicic, R., & Drobne, K., 2013. Revision of the Jesse Harlan Johnson collection. Part 1. Some fossil Dasycladales from Guatemala. Carnets de Geologie, Notebooks on Geology, 281-301.

Hottinger, L., & Bassi, D., 2014. Paleogene larger Rotaliid foraminifera from the western and central Neotethys. Springer. 195 p.

Johnson, J.H., & Kaska, H.V., 1965. Fossil Algae from Guatemala. Professional Contributions of the Colorado School Mines Golden. 152 p.

Kuss, J., Herbig, H.G., 1993. Biogeography, facies and taxonomy of Early Tertiary green algae from Egypt and Morocco. In: Studies on fossil benthic algae. F. Barattolo, P. De Castro, M. Parente (eds), Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana., Special. 1: 249- 280.

Lamarck, J.B.P.A., (de) 1816. Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans vertèbres, 2 (Polypes, Radiaires). Imprimerie d'Abel Lanoe, Verdière, Paris, 2: 148-152

Lamouroux, J.V.F., 1816. Histoire des Polypiers coralligènes flexible vulgairement nommes Zoophytes. F. Poisson, Caen, 559 p.

Loeblich, A.R,Jr., & Tappan, H., 1988. Foraminiferal General and Their Classification. Van Nostrand Reinold, New York, (1, 2): 2047 p.

Massieux, M., 1966. Les algues du Nummulitique egyptien et des terrains Cretaces-Eocenes de quelques regions mesogeennes: Revue de Micropaleontologie, 9 (3): 135-146.

Morellet, L., & Morellet, J., 1922. Nouvelle contribution a I'etude des Dasycladacees Tertiaires. Memoires de la Societe Geologique de France, 1-35, (in French).

Morellet, L., & Morellet, J., 1939. Tertiary siphoneous algae in the W. k. Parker collection with description of some Eocene siphoneae from England. British of Museum, Natural History, 55 p.

Mu, X., & Wang, Y., 1985. Some calcareous algae from the Eocene of Tingri, Xizang, China. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, Nanjing, China, 2 (3): 289-296.

Pfender, J., 1938. Étude micrographique des calcaires cretaces et eocènes d'Imini, de Tamdakht et de Skoura. In: Moret, L. (ed.), Contribution à la Paleontologie des Couches Cretacees et Éocènes du Versant Sud de l'Atlas de Marrakech. Service des Mines et de la Carte Geologique du Maroc, Notes et Memoires. 49: 57-71, (in French).

Pia, J., 1936. Description of the algae. In: Rao, L. R., & Pia, J., (eds.), Fossil algae from the Uppermost Cretaceous beds (the Niniyur group) of the Trichinopoly district, S. India. Calcutta, Geological Survey of Indica., New Series, Calcutta, 21: 1-49.

Radoičić, R., 1990. Paleogen Dasycladalean algae from the subsurface of the Western Iraqi desert. Bulletin Glas de l'Academie Serbe des Sciences et des Arts, Classe des Sciences Naturelles et Mathematique, 32: 91-103.

Radoičić, R., 1991. Acicularia tavnae sp. nov. and other Acetabulariaceae from the Palaeocene of eastern Majevica (NE Bosnia, Dinarides). Geologija, 34: 57-75.

Radoičić, R., 1998a. Two new Paleocene Dasycladales from Slovenia. Annales Geologiques de la Peninsule Balkanique, 62: 103-121.

Radoičić, R., 1998b. Further records of Paleocene Dasycladales from Slovenia. Revue de Paleobiologie, 17 (2): 347-359.

Radoičić, R., 2004. Note on Paleocene algae in the Dubrovnik Coast (Adriatic Carbonate Platform). Annales Geologiques de la peninsule balkanique, 65: 29-45.

Segonzac, G., 1967. Contribution a la connaissance du gener Orioporella Munier-Chalmas: Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, 9: 784-788, (in French).

Segonzac, G., 1968. Les Cymopolia (Dasycladacees) du Thanetien des Pyrenees. Bulletin de la Societe d’Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 381-390, (in French).

Segonzac, G., 1971. Algues calcaires du Sparnacien de levelanet (Ariege). Dasycladales, caulerpale et cryptonemiale. Bulletin du Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minières, 5-19, (in French).

Segonzac, G., 1976. Dasycladacees nouvelles ou peu connues du Thanetien des Pyrenees. Bulletin de la Societe d’Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 123-136, (in French).

Sokač, B., Velić, I., Grgasović, T., Ćosović, V., & Vlahović, I., 2012. Taxonomy and stratigraphy of an algal assemblage in Palaeogene deposits of the northern foothills of Mt. Biokovo (Southern Croatia). Geologia croatica, 65 (2): 161-205.

Stocklin, J., 1968. Structural history and tectonic of Iran. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 52: 1229-1258.

Vitale, V., 2008. Analisi paleoecologica e sistematica delle alghe Verdi dasicladali del Paleocene dei Pirenei occidentali. Ph.D thesis, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II. 322 p, (in Italy).

Yu Jing, W., 1976. Calcareous algae from the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene sediments in the Mount Jolmo Lungma region. Academia Sinica, 425-457.