بررسی نظریات بازدارندگی و منفعت زدایی راجع به خسارت تنبیهی در دعاوی مسئولیت مدنی

دانشنامه حقوق اقتصادی

مقاله 4، دوره 21، شماره 6، بهمن 1393   

نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/le.v21i6.46545

نویسندگان

اعظم امینی^{* 1}؛ صدیقه ابک²

¹فزدوسی مشهد

²دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی

چکیده

خسارت تنبیهی نوعی خسارت فراجبرانی است که در دعاوی مدنی و به منظور تنبیه خوانده و بازداشتن از ارتکاب عمل مشابه در آینده به نفع خواهان رأی داده می‌شود. مبنای اصلی صدور رأی تنبیهی بازدارندگی و مجازات است و در همین راستا دو نظریه‌ی اقتصادی (نظریه‌ی بازدارندگی مطلوب و نظریه‌ی منفعت‌زدایی) مطرح شده است. با این حال ویژگی تنبیهی این نوع خسارت موجب گردیده است که برخی آن را نهادی با ماهیت کیفری تلقی نموده و مخالف اعمال آن در دعاوی خصوصی باشند. عدم قابلیت پیش‌بینی این نوع خسارت و صدور احکام بعضاً هنگفت و کمرشکن و مشکلات ناشی از آن موجب گردیده است که دادگاه‌های ایالات متحده راهکارهای متعددی برای محدود نمودن خسارت تنبیهی بیندیشند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

خسارت تنبیهی؛ نظریه ی بازدارندگی؛ نظریه ی منفعت زدایی

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