Explain the Process of Villagers Vulnerability to Drought (Case Study: Peshtang Village in Ravansar County)

Journal of Research and Rural Planning

مقاله 6، دوره 5، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 16، اردیبهشت 2017، صفحه 77-90   

نوع مقاله: علمی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jrrp.v5i4.52590

نویسندگان

Adel Soleymani^* ؛ Hasan Afrakhteh؛ Farhad azizpur؛ Asghar Tahmasebi

Kharazmi University

چکیده

Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Various effects of continuous drought, contributes to the vulnerability of rural households and their livelihoods is unstable, dynamic and multi-dimensional nature and vulnerability of drought it difficult to provide the study. However, to understand what an important role in mitigating the effects of drought vulnerability and improve the livelihood of rural people. The purpose of this research is to explain the process of villagers' vulnerability to drought.
2. METHODOLOGY
Therefore, the purpose of this Qualitative research was to explain the process of villagers' vulnerability to drought, case: Peshtang Village in Ravansar County, that It takes Two following specific aims in relation to the status of household’s vulnerability to drought: (A) What is the process of vulnerability theory of drought in rural areas? (B) What are the constituent elements (basic concepts, causal conditions, context, intervening conditions, interaction strategies, and outcomes) of this process?
Due to the main purpose of this research, the regional was elected that in the past, it had good agricultural condition but now because of regional drought, it is high damage, so the Peshtang village with emphasize of agriculture experts in Rawansar city and key local informants, was selected. This village is of Dawlat Abad district of the central city of Rawansar in Kermanshah province, which has a population of 145 people, 45 households, and 30 km from the city center Rawansar and livelihoods of most people in the village are farmers and ranchers.
In order to explore and enrich the experiences, attitudes and perceptions of rural people to the magnitude of vulnerability resulting from drought in Peshtang village on Rawansar County used the qualitative research methods and specifically the grounded theory approach provided Strauss
The population used in this study included all the rural households in the sample were selected by Purposive sampling. On the other hand, given that the level of drought vulnerability among the people of these villages was not the same, so in order to identify vulnerable groups, classification techniques of participatory rural incomes by key informants was conducted.
Data were collected using semi-structured individual interview, focus groups, direct observation, field notes, income participatory classification, land use mapping techniques. After 10 semi-structured interviews, each for a maximum of two hours, theoretical saturation was achieved. Thus, the responses were repeated and new concepts of the samples weren't found. Three steps are used to analyze data with recommendations of Strauss and Corbin (1998): Open coding، axial and selective coding was utilized as a basis of data analysis. Open coding is part of an analysis concerned with identifying, naming, categorizing, and describing phenomenon found in the text. At the end of this stage was 11 floors. In axial coding, communication and connection between categories was discovered. Axial coding is the process of relating codes to each other, through a combination of inductive and deductive thinking. In selective coding, the researcher chooses one category to be the core category, and relates all other categories derived during previous process to that category.
3.DISCUSSION
Findings from the analysis of comparing 11 floors of open coding showed that classification of rural vulnerability to drought as a core category (phenomenon central to the process) and in a paradigmatic model, axial coding was done. paradigmatic model of axial coding includes causal conditions, context, core category, Intervening conditions, action or strategies and consequences. in fact, a grounded theory researcher Identified one of the open coding categories as the core category that is central to a theory. Then, this core category becomes the center point of the axial coding paradigm. Examining this paradigm, included the following:
 Causal conditions; categories of conditions that influence the core category,
 Context; the specific conditions that influence the strategies,
 Core category; the idea of phenomenon central to the process,
 Intervening conditions; the general contextual conditions that influence strategies,
 Strategies; the specific actions or interactions that result from the core phenomenon
 Consequences; the outcomes of employing the strategies.
Results of this qualitative research indicated the causes of rural vulnerability to drought is varied and 11 component includes that in the form of paradigmatic model includes causal conditions (Climatic factors), phenomenon, context (environmental and livelihood), intervening conditions (institutional -protective factors), action or strategies (Technical and non-technical) and consequences (Economic, social and environmental), process of rural vulnerability show and reflect different aspects of it.
4. CONCLUSION
Based on the results, it is recommended that authorities perform participatory strategies to mitigate the effects of drought and promoting the adaptation capacity of villagers prioritizing in the rural areas, in the context recommended that sustainable livelihood strategies with an emphasis on strengthening physical, social, human, financial and natural assets for vulnerable rural.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Vulnerability؛ drought؛ Grounded theory؛ Peshtang Village؛ Rawansar County

مراجع

1. Adib Hajbagheri, M., Sarvar, P., & Salsali, M. (1389/2010). Qualitative research methods (2th Ed.). Tehran, Iran: Boshra Press. [In Persian]

2. Afrakhteh, H. (1390/2011). Vulnerability of rural women: Foumanat mountainous villages. Journal Studies Urban Ecology, 2 (3), 35-51. [In Persian]

3. Bahrami, R. (1392/2013). Assess the level of rural development in the Rawansar city by TOPSIS. Geographical Landscape in Human Studies, 8(23), 73-89. [In Persian]

4. Birkmann, J. (2006). Measuring vulnerability to promote disaster-resilient societies: Conceptual frameworks and definitions. Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: Towards Disaster Resilient Societies, 1, 7-54.

5. Bogardi, J., & Birkmann, J. (2004). Vulnerability assessment: the first step towards sustainable risk reduction. Disaster and Society—From Hazard Assessment to Risk Reduction, Logos Verlag Berlin, Berlin, 75-82.

6. Campbell, D., Barker, D., & McGregor, D. (2011). Dealing with drought: Small farmers and environmental hazards in southern St. Elizabeth, Jamaica. Applied Geography, 31(1), 146-158.

7. Cannon, T., J. Twigg and J. Rowell. (2003). Social Vulnerability. Sustainable Livelihoods and Disasters. Report to DFID Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance Department (CHAD) and Sustainable Livelihoods Support Office, Retrieved 24 July 2015 from: http://nirapad.org.bd/admin/soft_archive/ 1308222298_Social%20Vulnerability-%20Sustainable%20Livelihoods%20and%20Disasters.pdf

8. Cardona, O. D. (2004). The Need for Rethinking of Concepts of Vulnerability and Risk from a Holistic Perspective: A Necessary Review and Criticism for Effective Risk Management. Bankoff., & et al. (eds.). Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People, UK and USA: Earthscan, 37-51.

9. Charmaz, K., & Bryant, A. (Eds.). (2010). The SAGE handbook of grounded theory. SAGE press.

10. Chiwaka, E., & Yates, R. (2005). Participatory vulnerability analysis: a step-by-step guide for field staff. London: Action Aid International.

11. Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research Methods in Education (1th Ed.). Routledge Falmer press.

12. Creswell, J. W. (2002). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative (pp. 146-166). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

13. Gholami, M., Alibeaygi, A. H., & Savari, M. (1394/2015). Phenomenology of Perception farmers from drought (case study: Sarpolzohab county). Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 46(3), 439-456. [In Persian]

14. IPCC, Climate Change (2001). The scientific basis, contribution of working group i to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. [Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Dai, X., Maskell, K. & Johnson, C. A. (Eds.)]. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press.

15. Keshavarz, M., Karami, E., & Zamani, G. H. (1389/2010). Farmer households from drought vulnerability: A Case Study. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Education, 6(2), 15, 32. [In Persian]

16. Liu, C., Golding, D., & Gong, G. (2008). Farmers’ coping response to the low flows in the lower Yellow River: a case study of temporal dimensions of vulnerability. Global Environmental Change, 18(4), 543-553.

17. Mahdi, M. S., Sharifi, M. (1386/2007). Reflection on disputes paradigm of qualitative and quantitative methods in social sciences. Journal of Human Sciences, 53(1), 387-416. [In Persian]

18. McNeeley, S. M. (2014). A toad’s eye view of drought: regional socio-natural vulnerability and responses in 2002 in Northwest Colorado. Regional Environmental Change, 14(4), 1451-1461.

19. Mills, J., Bonner, A., & Francis, K. (2006). The development of constructivist grounded theory. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 25-35.

20. Paavola, J. (2008). Livelihoods, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Morogoro, Tanzania. Environmental Science & Policy, 11(7), 642-654.

21. Pourreza, M., Zehtabiyan, Gh., Khosravi, C., & Rahdari, M. R. (1393/2014). The effect of land use changes on land degradation and desertification in the basin Ravansar. Geographical Studies of Arid Zones, 4(16), 73-85. [In Persian]

22. Rokneddin-e-Eftekhari, A. R., Ghadir, M. A., Parhizgar, A., & Shayan, S. (1388/2009). Analysis of theoretical perspectives Society vulnerable to natural hazards. Human Sciences Modarres, 1 (13), 29- 62. [In Persian]

23. Shaban Ali fami, H., Alibeaygi, A. H., & Sharifzadeh, A. (1384/2005). Approaches and techniques involved in agricultural extension and rural development. (1th Ed.). Tehran, Iran: Rural Development Institute of Publications. [In Persian]

24. Sharafi, L. & Zarafshani, K. (2011). Assessment of socio-economic vulnerability of farmers against drought (A Case Study of Wheat Farmers in Kermanshah, Sahne and Ravansar). Journal of Rural Researches. 1(4), 129–154.

25. Smith, J. B., Klein, R. J., & Huq, S. (2003). Climate change, adaptive capacity and development. Imperial College Press.

26. Soleymani, A., & Afrakhteh, H. (1392/2013a). Phenomenological concept of environmental hazards from the perspective of villagers (Case study: Rural district Badr in Rawansar county of Kermanshah province). The Second International Conference on Environmental Hazards (pp. 313-325), Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]

27. Soleymani, A., & Afrakhteh, H. (1392/2013b). Evaluate changes in agricultural land use and land cover approach to predict future land uses (Case study: Rural district Badr in Rawansar county of Kermanshah province). The Second International Conference on Environmental Hazards (pp. 1-15), Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]

28. Soleymani, A., Ghadiri Ma’soum, M., & Riahi, V. (1392/2013). The development of health indicators - health Kermanshah province in terms of social justice (2010). Journal of Medical Sciences Krmanshah, 647- 657. [In Persian]

29. Solh, M., & van Ginkel, M. (2014). Drought preparedness and drought mitigation in the developing world׳ s drylands. Weather and Climate Extremes, 3, 62-66.

30. Straus, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basic of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. (2th Ed.). California: Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.

31. Vasquez-Leon, M., West, C. T., & Finan, T. J. (2003). A comparative assessment of climate vulnerability: agriculture and ranching on both sides of the US–Mexico border. Global Environmental Change, 13(3), 159-173.

32. Vogel, C., & O’Brien, K. (2004). Vulnerability and global environmental change: rhetoric and reality. Aviso, 13, 1-8.

33. Wisner, B, P. Blaikie, T. Cannon & I. Davis (2004). At Risk: Natural hazards, People’s Vulnerability, and Disasters. (2th Ed.). London: Routledge press.