امتناع یک‌جانبه از اعطای لیسانس اختراع؛ تأملی تطبیقی در رهیافت‌های حقوق رقابت آمریکا، اتحادیه اروپا و ایرانو ایران

دانشنامه حقوق اقتصادی

مقاله 2، دوره 22، شماره 7، خرداد 1394   

نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/le.v22i7.42287

نویسندگان

ابراهیم رهبری^{* 1}؛ محمود جعفری چالشتری²

¹دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

²تربیت مدرس

چکیده

«امتناع یک‌جانبه» از اعطای لیسانس اختراع خود به دیگری از مقولاتی است که در چارچوب آن موازین حقوق رقابت، امتیازات انحصاری دارنده اختراع را به نحوی جدی به چالش می‌کشد؛ چراکه گاه استنکاف از چنین اقدامی، سبب اخلال در رقابت می‌شود. یکی از ابعاد چالش‌برانگیز موضوع این است که چگونه چارچوب‌های حقوق رقابت می‌تواند حق مالکیت دارنده اختراع را محدود کند؟ این مقاله در روشی تحلیلی و در نگرشی تطبیقی، می‌کوشد ضمن ارائه تعریفی دقیق از این مفهوم، رویکرد رویه مراجع رقابتی و محاکم و دکترین حقوق آمریکا و اتحادیه اروپا را که در قالب نظریه‌های مختلفی سعی در توجیه مداخله حقوق رقابت و الزام دارنده به اعطای مجوز بهره‌برداری به بنگاه‌های نیازمند دارند، تحلیل نموده و موضع مبهم قواعد رقابت حقوق ایران را نسبت به این موضوع آشکار سازد. سؤال اصلی این است که امتناع از اعطای لیسانس در چه مواردی ممکن است ضدرقابتی باشد؟ چه معیارهایی برای این امر بیان شده است؟ دیدگاه حقوق ایران چیست و تا چه اندازه به رویه کشورهای پیشگام نزدیک است؟ دیدگاه قانون سیاست‌های کلی اصل ۴۴ در این مورد چیست؟ به همین جهت، این پژوهش با عنایت به فضای خاص رقابتی و فنّاورانه کشورمان و موازین تثبیت‌شده حقوق آمریکا و اتحادیه اروپا، در جهت برقراری موازنه میان مطالبات بنیادین حقوق رقابت در منع رویه‌های ضدرقابتی از یک‌سو و شناسایی اختیار و حق دارنده اختراع در اعطای لیسانس در جهت توسعه نوآوری‌ها از دیگر سو، راهکارهایی ارائه می‌دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

امتناع یک جانبه از اعطای لیسانس؛ اختراع؛ حقوق رقابت؛ لیسانس اجباری؛ تسهیلات ضروری؛ سوء استفاده از موقعیت مسلط

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