The role of road in the development of rural areas, with emphasis on diversification of economic activities (Case Study: Chavarzagh Dehestan in Tarom County)

Journal of Research and Rural Planning

مقاله 1، دوره 6، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 17، شهریور 2017، صفحه 19-33   

نوع مقاله: علمی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jrrp.v6i1.47621

نویسندگان

Jamshid Eynali^{* 1}؛ Mahdi Cheraghi²؛ Adel Brouki Milan¹

¹University of Zanjan

²Universityof Tehran

چکیده

Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Rural areas in developing countries face with many challenges. This has led theorists, planners and decision-makers to adopt new approaches seek to provide solutions and new methods in the process of rural development to the Reduce problems in these regions. A logical solution in this area is, the idea of the diversity of economic activities in rural settlements in developing countries, which improve the non-agricultural employment opportunities and improve the welfare of rural households and also reduces the risk of agricultural products. These requires appropriate infrastructure. One of these infrastructure is, rural roads which can create new sources of income, leading to a more diversified revenue structure that can reduce the vulnerability of households to economic shocks.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The idea of diversification of economic activities is a means to accelerate economic development in different levels which is important in promoting the welfare and security of the region's economy. This idea was proposed in developing countries to improve the terms of trade and economic growth after the Second World War and also in recent decades, the creation of global crises and natural such as War, drought, global inflation causing attention to the diversification of the economy, particularly the rural economy in recent years that in rural areas seeking for employment opportunities and development of sources of income for regions residents provides The best opportunity for economic and organizational solutions. The importance of this approach is that when the agricultural sector facing with stagnation the non- agricultural rural economy can eliminate some damages. This requires appropriate infrastructure. One of these is infrastructure, rural roads, that it is first factor for economic development areas, particularly in rural areas that has a significant impact on economic growth and poverty reduction through wide ranges of mechanisms. This factor with connecting remote and isolated areas, helped increasing relation between producers, Local markets and commercial products, as a result, income increase, improve the job security of small farmers, strengthening entrepreneurial opportunities, improving the business security of small-scale farmers, enhancing of the productivity of factors of production.
3. METHODOLOGY
This research is applied and the method is analytical– descriptive. Data collected method is field studies and documental. From a 2742 households in Chawarzagh County, 250 respondents were selected by using Cochran formula. For data analysis, statistical tests such as Wilcoxon, one sample T test, two sample T test was used.
4. DISCUSSION
The results of the study show a significant difference in diversification of rural economic activity in the periods before and after creation road zanjan- taham- chavarzagh. So that the diversification components to income sources in rural areas and improve infrastructure products and services show the highest rate respectively and and the investment index in the off- rural shows the lowest. Sample t-test for alpha level of 0.01 is significant in all dimensions. In addition, Two-sample t-test results in the two groups of villages to 5 km of the road and most villages in the distance from the road showed significant differences in the level 99.


5. CONCLUSION
Literature and research related to the research topic showed that development of access roads in rural areas has a several impact on the diversification of economic activity and as a result development of economic infrastructures. In this study, using theoretical studies, economic implications rural roads in five categories of indicators are considered as:
1- Improving employment opportunities in non-agricultural activities;
2- Improving employment opportunities in agricultural activities;
3- Improve products and services infrastructures;
4- Diversification of sources of income in rural areas; and
5- Investment outside the village.
The significant difference in the average number Obtained calculating the components of a variety of economic activities Inventory data from among the heads of households in the villages of samples before and after the roads Zanjan brave Chavarzqh. In all components there are difference. So that in order the most significant difference in the components of diversifying sources of income in rural areas, improve infrastructure to manufacturing and services, and the smallest difference in investment outside the village. Also average number variants examined in the study also shows the high level components in all cases, so that to be able road construction Zanjan – taham – chavarzagh play a decisive role in Diversification to sources of income in rural areas, improve infrastructure products and services, improving employment opportunities in agriculture and non-agricultural activities, investments outside the village and etc… In the rural area of study. In addition, showed two-sample t-test results in the two groups of villages to 5 km of the road and most villages in the distance from the road significant differences in the level 99. In the other hand difference means and 95 percent confidence interval for the difference between the two groups showed positive results that can show improve the effectiveness of the road in all indices of the survey.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Rural Development؛ transport؛ Rural economy؛ Tarom County

مراجع

1. Arethun. T., & Bhatta, B. P. (2012). Contribution of Rural Roads to Access to-and Participation in Markets: Theory and Results from Northern Ethiopia. Journal of Transportation Technologies, 2(02), 165-174. ‏

2. Ashley, C., & Maxwell, S. (2001). Rethinking rural development. Development policy review, 19(4), 395-425. ‏

3. Attaran, M. (1987). Industrial diversity and economic performance in US areas. The Annals of Regional Science, 20(2), 44-54. ‏

4. Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, (BIDS), (2004). Poverty impact of rural roads and market improvements and maintenance project of Bangladesh, Dhaka: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Report No: 25229.

5. Banjo, G., Gordon, H., & Riverson, J. (2012). Rural Transport: Improving its contribution to growth and poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa. ‏ Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank.

6. Bazarghan, A. (1389/2010). Diversification of the rural economy for sustainable development, Case study: Mojezat Village of Zanjan County. Unpublished master’s thesis, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran. [In Persian]

7. Christiaan, G., & Calvo, C. M. (2002). Socioeconomic impact assessment of rural roads: methodology and questionnaires. Impact Evaluation report, INFTD, World Bank, Washington, DC. ‏

8. Christiaensen, L., Weerdt, J., & Todo, Y. (2013). Urbanization and poverty reduction: the role of rural diversification and secondary towns1. Agricultural Economics, 44(4-5), 435-447. ‏

9. Cuciureanu, M. S. (2012). Importance of Road Infrastrucuture in Rural Developement Botosani. Agronomy Series of Scientific Research/Lucrari Stiintifice Seria Agronomie, 55. ‏

10. Davis, J. (2006). Rural non-farm livelihoods in transition economies: emerging issues and policies. Electronic Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics, 3(2), 180-224. ‏

11. Demurger, S., Fournier, M., & Yang, W. (2010). Rural households' decisions towards income diversification: Evidence from a township in northern China. China Economic Review, 21, S32-S44. ‏

12. Department of transportation, (DOT), (2011) planning for transportation in rural areas, our rural transportation system, Retrieved 2015, Dec. 20, from http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/publications/ rural_areas_planning/page03.cfm.

13. Einali, J. (1393/2014). The Assessment of the Role of Second Homes Tourism in Rural Economic Diversification (Case Study: Hesar-e-Valiasr Dehestan of Avaj County). Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 3(5), 98- 106. [In Persian]

14. Fan. Sh., Zhang. x., (2004). Infrastructure and regional economic development in rural china. China economic review, 15, 203–214.

15. Farahmand, SH. (1391/2012). The impact of economic diversity and expertise the province's growth and employment in Iran. Journal of Economic Research, 47(3), 45 - 63. [In Persian]

16. Gertler, P. J., Gonzalez-Navarro, M., Gracner, T., & Rothenberg, A. D. (2014). The role of road quality investments on economic activity and welfare: Evidence from Indonesia’s highways. Unpublished manuscript, ‏ University of Toronto, and University of Ottawa for helpful comments and suggestions

17. Gesellschaft. F.D., (2012). Rural territorial development an approach to rural development. Germany: Published by deutsche gesellschaft fur international zusammenarbeit (GIZ).

18. Ghaderi, N. (1389/2010). The role of road the structural and functional changes of rural settlements with an emphasis on economic and physical factors (case study: Tabriz-Zanjan highway). Unpublished master’s thesis, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran. [In Persian]

19. Ghol mohamadi, F., & Ebramimi, M. E. (1391/2012). Rural roads and sustainable development. The fourth national conference of geography student, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]

20. Grootaert, C., & Calvo, C. M. (2002). Socioeconomic impact assessment of rural roads: methodology and questionnaires. Impact Evaluation report, INFTD, World Bank, Washington, DC. ‏

21. Holland. H., Burian. M., & Dixey. L. (2003). Tourism in poor rural areas: Diversifying the product and expanding the benefits in rural Uganda and the Czech Republic. Journal of Rural Study, 12(36), 1-13.

22. Ibok. E., & Daniel. E. (2013). The impact of rural roads and bridges on the socioeconomic development of akwa ibom state, Nigeria: an evaluation. Global Journal of Political Science and Administration, 1(1), 27-36.

23. International Labour Office. (2008). Entrepreneurship, Skills Development, Finance. Geneva, Italy.

24. Javan, J., & Heydari Mokarar, H. (1390/2011). Wells role in the diversification of the rural economy. Journal of Human Geography Research, 76(2), 49-66. [In Persian]

25. Javan, J., Shayan, H., Noghani, M., & Ghasemi, M. (1390/2011). Stabilization of population in rural settlements the city of Mashhad with emphasis Approach to diversification of economic activity. Journal of Geography and Regional Development, 9(16), 125-144. [In Persian]

26. Kantharajappa, H. C. (1998). Rural road system and its impact on rural development (Doctoral dissertation). ‏ Center for rural development studies Bangalore University, jnanabharathi.

27. Khalili, M. E., Hoseyni, S.A., Por majidyan, M.R., & Falah, A. (1389/2010). The effects of forest roads on the development of forest villages (Case study: Series 2, Section 6 of Forestry Neka. Zolm rood). Journal of Science and Technology of wood and forest, 17(3), 19-39. [In Persian]

28. Kidder. B. (2006). The Challenges of Rural Transportation, A publication of the Western Rural Development Center, Western Rural Development Center. All Rights Reserved, Utah State University, Retrieved 2015, Dec. 22, from https://wrdc.usu.edu/htm/publications/file=8263.

29. Kingombe, C. (2011). Achieving pro-poor growth through investment in rural feeder roads: the role of impact evaluation. ODI Bankground Note. ‏

30. KOLA, E., Sabri, L. A. Ç. I., & Esmeralda, L. A. Ç. I. (2012). Economic diversification of rural areas in Albania-The case of Kallmet Commune. Agricultural Economics, 51(2), 289-302. ‏

31. Lanjouw. J., & Lanjouw, P. (2001). Rural non-farm employment: Issues and evidence from developing countries. Agricultural Economics, 26(1), 1–24.

32. Lokshin, M., & Yemtsov, R. (2003). Evaluating the impact of infrastructure rehabilitation projects on household welfare in rural Georgia. ‏

33. Mayser. C. (2003(. the Status of Ecological Diversity in Sustainable Development, (A. R. Koocheki, & A. Mahdavi damghani, Trans.). Mashhad: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Press.

34. Mihailović. B., Moric. I. (2012). The Role of Marketing Philosophy in Rural Tourism Development. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 18(2), 267-279.

35. Mihalič, T. A. N. J. A. (2002). Tourism and economic development issues (Pp. 81-111). R. Sharpley & D. Telfer (Ed.). Channel View Publications. ‏

36. Mu, R., & Van de Walle, D. (2011). Rural roads and local market development in Vietnam. The Journal of Development Studies, 47(5), 709-734. ‏

37. Piramoon, L., & Rezaei-Moghaddam, K. (2014). Investigating the economic and environmental effects of tourism on rural areas in Iran. ‏ Journal of Middle East Applied Science and Technology (JMEAST), 21(1), 712-715.

38. Rezvani, M.R., & Najarzade, M. (1387/2008). Review and analysis of tendency Villagers Entrepreneurship in the process of development of rural areas, Case study: County south baran (Esfahan County). Journal of entrepreneurship development, 1(2), 161-182. [In Persian]

39. Sama, A.C. (2015), Economic and Social Justification of Rural Roads in India, Retrieved 2015, May. 18, from http://pmgsy.nic.in/pmg921.asp.

40. Sharifzade, A., & Morad Nejhadi, H. (1381/2002). Sustainable development and rural tourism. The Journal of Jihad, 25(250) 52 – 63. [In Persian]

41. Taher Khani, M. (1380/2001). Industrialization village the cornerstone of the future strategy of rural. Geographical Research, 17 (3-2), 151-168. [In Persian]

42. World Bank. (2007). Rural Non-Farm Economy, Retrieved 2014, July. 22, from http://web.worldbank.org/projects&operations/rural diversification.

43. Yaghobi, S., Menhaj, M.H., & Motamed, M. K. (1392/2013). The Role of rural roads to improve the economic situation of farmers. The first Congress of agriculture and sustainable natural resources, Institute for Higher Education Mehr Arvand, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]

44. Zamora, O.M. (2011). Development instruments for the cross-border cooperation in Ukraine. Poland, Warsawa: Warsaw University of Life Sciences Press.