Petrography, geochemistry and tectonic setting of Salmabad Tertiary volcanic rocks, southeast of Sarbisheh, eastern Iran

زمین شناسی اقتصادی

Article 2, Volume 6, Issue 2 - Serial Number 11, January 2015, Pages 217-234   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/econg.v6i2.24938

Authors

Masoumeh Goodarzi; Seyyed Saeid Mohammadi^* ; Mohammad Hossein Zarrinkoub

Birjand

Abstract

Introduction
The area reviewed and studied in this paper is located 5 km southeast of Sarbisheh city at eastern border of the Lut block (Jung et al., 1983; Karimpour et al., 2011; Richards et al., 2012) in eastern Iran between 59° 47′ and 59° 53′ E longitude and 32°30′ and 32°34′ N latitude. The magmatic activity in the Lut block began in middle Jurassic (165-162 Ma) and reached its peak in Tertiary (Jung et al., 1983). Volcanic and subvolcanic rocks of Tertiary age cover over half of Lut block with up to 2000 m thickness and formed due to subduction prior to the collision of the Arabian and Asian plates (Camp and Griffis, 1982; Tirrul et al., 1983; Berberianet et al., 1982). Most of magmatic activity in the Lut block formed in middle Eocene (Karimpour et al., 2011) The andesitic volcanics were erupted together with the dacites and rhyodacites during a time interval of some 50 Ma from early Cretaceous to early Neogene. It can be assumed that the intensity of the volcanic activity was varying significantly during this time span (Jung et al., 1983).Tertiary volcanic rocks (Eocene-Oligocene to Pliocene) with intermediate composition associated with pyroclastic rocks cropped out in eastern parts of Salmabad village, southeast of Sarbisheh. The main purpose of this paper is better understand the tectono-magmatic setting of the Tertiary volcanic rocks in southeast of Sarbisheh, eastern Iran based on geochemical characteristics.

Materials and methods
Eleven samples were analyzed for major elements by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technologies and trace elements were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), following a lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion and nitric acid total digestion, at the SGS Laboratories, Toronto, Canada.

Results
In the Salmabad area, Tertiary volcanic rocks with mainly intermediate (andesitic) composition are exposed associated with pyroclastic deposits such as tuff, breccia and agglomerate. Extrusive rocks include andesite (pyroxene andesite) and basaltic andesite. Zoning, sieve texture and embayment of plagioclase phenocrysts and existence of reaction rims around pyroxenes are evidences for disequilibrium conditions during magma crystallization. These rocks have medium to high-K calc-alkaline nature and show enrichment in LILE (except for Ba) and depletion of HFSE. The Salmabad area lavas have 102-155 ppm total REE and display coherent REE patterns characterized by enrichment in LREEs relative to HREEs ((La/Yb)N=7.35-9.71; (Ce/Yb)N=5.43-6.81)), nearly flat HREEs ((Tb/Yb)N=1.05-1.40) and weak negative Eu anomalies (average Eu/Eu*=0.78). Geochemical characteristics of the Salmabad volcanic rocks such as enrichment in LREEs relative to HREEs in association with enrichment in LILE and negative anomalies of Nb, Ti and P show their relation to subduction zone. The range of Mg# is 45.1-57.1 for the Salmabad andesites and 69.8 in basaltic andesite indicating the involvement of mantle components. The isotopic compositions (87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7045 and εNd(t)=3.1 for the Salmabad andesites point to a mantle origin.

Discussion
Orogenic magmas are defined geochemically as showing diagnostic Nb-Ta trough and enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) such as Th, Pb, Sr and K in primitive mantle normalized trace element variation diagrams (Kuscu and Geneli, 2010). The origin of this kind of geochemical signature is commonly interpreted as subduction-related setting (Gill, 2010), in sources that had undergone mantle wedge metasomatism (Seghedi et al., 2001) or crustal contamination of mantle-derived magmas (Harangi et al., 2007). The andesitic magma in Salmabad area displays an orogenic signature, i.e., enrichment in LILE and Th, and relative depletion in Nb, Ti and P. The dominance of positive εNd(t) values (3.1) for the studied rocks indicate a mantle origin. High values of Sr, Th and U in these rocks can be related to crustal contamination. Thus, the orogenic signature of these rocks is attributed to the mantle source, presumably metasomatized by the Sistan ocean subduction. The trace element features are consistent with the roles played by subducted sediments and fluid released from the subducted slab in magma genesis.

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank reviewers for the constructive comments which greatly contributed to the improvement of the manuscript.

References
Berberian, F., Muir, I.D., Pankhurst, R.J. and Berberian, M., 1982. Late Cretaceous and early Miocene Andean type plutonic activity in northern Makran and Central Iran. Journal of the Geological Society, 139(5): 605-614.
Camp, V.E. and Griffis, R., 1982. Character, genesis and tectonic setting of igneous rocks in the Sistan suture zone, eastern Iran. Lithos, 15(3): 221-239.
Gill, R., 2010. Igneous rocks and processes. Wiley-Blackwell, Malaysia, 428 pp.

Harangi, S., Downes, H., Thirlwall, M., Gmeling, K., 2007. Geochemistry, Petrogenesis and Geodynamic Relationships of Miocene Calc-alkalineVolcanic Rocks in the Western Carpathian arc, Eastern Central Europe. Journal of petrology, 48(12): 2261-2287.
Jung, D., Keller, J., Khorasani, R., Marcks, Chr., Baumann, A. and Horn, P., 1983. Petrology of the Tertiary magmatic activity the northern Lut area, East of Iran. Ministry of mines and metals, Geological survey of Iran, geodynamic project (geotraverse) in Iran, Tehran, Report 51, pp. 285-336.
Karimpour, M.H., Stern, C.R., Farmer, L., Saadat, S. and Malekezadeh, A., 2011. Review of age, Rb-Sr geochemistry and petrogenesis of Jurassic to Quaternary igneous rocks in Lut Block, Eastern Iran. Geopersia, 1(1):19-36.
Kuscu, G.G. and Geneli, F., 2010. Review of post-collisional volcanism in the central Anatolian volcanic province(Turkey), with special reference to the Tepekoy volcanic complex. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 99(3): 593-621.
Richards, J.P., Spell, T., Rameh, E., Razique, A. and Fletcher T., 2012. High Sr/Y Magmas Reflect Arc Maturity,High Magmatic Water Content, and Porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au Potential:Examples from the Tethyan Arcs of Central and Eastern Iran and Western Pakistan. Economic Geology, 107(2): 295–332.
Seghedi, I., Downes, H., Pecskay, Z., Thirlwall, M.F., Szakacs, A., Prychodko, M. and Mattey, D., 2001. Magmagenesis in a subduction-related post-collisional volcanic arc segment: the Ukrainian Carpathians. Lithos, 57(4): 237–262.
Tirrul, R., Bell, I.R., Griffis, R.J. and Camp, V.E., 1983. The Sistan suture zone of eastern iran. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 94(1): 134-156.

Keywords

Andesite; enriched mantle; Oligocene; calc-alkaline; Sarbisheh

References

Aldanmaz, E., Pearce, J.A., Thirlwall, M.F., Mitchell, J.G., 2000. Petrogenetic evolution of late Cenozoic, post collision volcanism in western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of volcanology and geothermal Reasearch, 102(1-2): 67-97.

Arjmandzadeh, R., Karimpour, M.H., Mazaheri, S.A., Santos, J.F, Medina, J.M. and Homam, S.M., 2011. Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Chah-Shaljami granitoids (Lut block, Eastern Iran). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 41(3): 283-296.

Arsalan, M. and Aslan, Z., 2006. Mineralogy, petrography and whole-rock geochemistry of the Tertiary granitic intrusions in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27(2): 177-193.

Asiabanha, A., Bardintzeff, J.M. Kananian, A., Rahimi, G., 2012. Post-Eocene volcanics of the Abazar district, Qazvin, Iran: Mineralogical and geochemical evidence for a complex magmatic evolution. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 45: 79–94.

Barth, M.G., McDonough, W.F. and Rudnick, R.L., 2000. Tracking the budget of Nb and Ta in the continental crust. Chemical geology, 165(3-4):197-213.

Berberian, F., Muir, I.D., Pankhurst, R.J. and Berberian, M., 1982. Late Cretaceous and early Miocene Andeantype plutonic activity in northern Makran and Central Iran. Journal of the Geological Society, 139(5): 605-614.

Borg, L.E., Clynne, M.A. and Bullen, T.D., 1997. The variable role of slab-derived fluids in the generation of a suite of primitive calc-alkaline lavas from the southernmost Cascade Range. Canadian Mineralogist, 35: 425-452.

Boynton, W.V., 1984. Cosmochemistry of rare earth elements: meteorite studies. In: P. Henderson, (Editor), Rare Earth Element Geochemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 63–114.

Camp, V.E. and Griffis, R., 1982. Character, genesis and tectonic setting of igneous rocks in the Sistan suture zone, eastern Iran. Lithos, 15(3): 221-239.

Castro, A., Vogt, K. and Gerya, T., 2013. Generation of new continental crust by sublithospheric silicic-magma relamination in arcs: A test of Taylor's andesite model. Gondwana Research, 23(4): 1554-1566.

Foley, S.F. and Wheller, G.E., 1990. Parallels in the origin of the geochemical signatures of island arc volcanics and continental potassic igneous rocks: the role of residual titanites. Chemical Geology, 85(1-2):1-18.

Geng, H., Sun, M., Yuan, C., Xiao, W.J., Xian, W.S., Zhao, G.C., Zhang, L.F., Wong, K. and Wu, F.Y., 2009. Geochemical, Sr–Nd and zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopic studies of Late Carboniferous magmatism in the West Junggar, Xinjiang: implications for ridge subduction? Chemical Geology. 266(3-4): 364–389.

Gill, R., 2010. Igneous rocks and processes. Wiley-Blackwell, Malaysia, 428 pp.

Goodarzi, M., 2011. Petrology of volcanic rocks in east of Sarbisheh (east of Iran). M.Sc Thesis, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran, 141 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)

Harangi, S., Downes, H., Thirlwall, M., Gmeling, K., 2007. Geochemistry, Petrogenesis and Geodynamic Relationships of Miocene Calc-alkalineVolcanic Rocks in the Western Carpathian arc, Eastern Central Europe. Journal of petrology, 48(12): 2261-2287.

Helvacı, C., Ersoy, E.Y., Sözbilir, H., Erkül, F., Sümer, Ö. and Uzel, B., 2009. Geochemistry and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of Miocene volcanic rocks from the Karaburun Peninsula: Implications for amphibole-bearing lithospheric mantle source, Western Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 185(3):181–202.

Hoang, N., Itoh, J. and Miyag,i I., 2011. Subduction components in Pleistocene to recent Kurile arc magmas in NE Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 200(3-4): 255-266.

Housh, T.B. and Luhr, J. F., 1991. Plagioclase melt equilibria in hydrothermal systems. American Mineralogist, 76: 477- 492.

Jung, D., Keller, J., Khorasani, R., Marcks, Chr., Baumann, A. and Horn, P., 1983. Petrology of the Tertiary magmatic activity the northern Lut area, East of Iran. Ministry of mines and metals, Geological survey of Iran, geodynamic project (geotraverse) in Iran, Tehran, Report 51, pp. 285-336.

Karimi Dehkordi, M., 2012. Deformation analysis along of Sarbishe fault zone in eastern Iran. M.Sc Thesis, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran, 143 pp. in Persian with English abstract)

Karimpour, M.H., Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, A., Farmer, G.L. and Stern, C.R., 2012. Petrogenesis of granitoids, U-Pb Zircon geochronology, Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics and important occurrence of Tertiary mineralization within the Lut block, eastern Iran. Journal of Economic Geology, 4(1): 1-27. (in Persian with English abstract)

Karimpour, M.H., Stern, C.R., Farmer, L., Saadat, S. and Malekezadeh, A., 2011. Review of age, Rb-Sr geochemistry and petrogenesis of Jurassic to Quaternary igneous rocks in Lut Block, Eastern Iran. Geopersia, 1(1):19-36.

Kuscu, G.G. and Geneli, F., 2010. Review of post-collisional volcanism in the central Anatolian volcanic province(Turkey), with special reference to the Tepekoy volcanic complex. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 99(3): 593-621.

Le Bas, M.J., Le Maitre, R.W., Streckeisen, A. and Zanettin, B., 1986. A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-silica diagram. Journal of Petrology, 27(3): 745-750.

Le Maitre, R.W., 2002. Igneous rocks: a classification and glossary of terms:

recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences. Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 236 pp.

L’Heureux, I. and Katsev, S., 2006. Oscillatory zoning in a (Ba,Sr) SO4 Solid solution: Macroscopic and cellular automata models. Chemical Geology, 225(3-4): 230-243.

Machado, A.,T, Chemale, Jr. F., Conceicao, R.V., Kawaskita, K., Morata, D., Oteıza, O. and Schmus, W.R.V., 2005. Modeling of subduction components in the Genesis of the Meso-Cenozoic igneous rocks from the South Shetland Arc, Antarctica. Lithos, 82(3-4): 435– 453.

Makipour, M., 2011. Geology, Alteration and Petrology of igneous rocks in Golab area (Sarbisheh, east of Iran). M.Sc Thesis, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran, 117 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)

Marchev, P., Raicheva, R., Downes, H., Vaselli, O., Chiaradia, M. and Moritz, R., 2004. Compositional diversity of Eocene-Oligocene basaltic magmatism in the Eastern Rhodopes, SE Bulgaria: implications for genesis and tectonic setting. Tectonophysics, 393(1-4): 301–328.

Martin H, 1999. Adakitic magmas: modern analogues of Archaean granitoids. Lithos, 46(3): 411–429.

Miyashiro, A., 1975. Classification, characteristics and origin of ophiolites. The Journal of Geology, 83(2): 249–281.

Mohamed, F.H., Moghazi, A.M. and Hassanen, M.A., 2000. Geochemistry, Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of late Neoproterozoic Dokhan-type volcanic rocks in the Fatira area, eastern Egypt. International Journal of Earth Science, 88(4): 764-777.

Mohammadi, S.S., 2012. Geology and Petrology of Tertiary volcanic rocks of Sarbisheh perlite mine area(eastern Iran)and industrial applications. Journal of Economic Geology, 4(1): 59-76. (in Persian)

Monfaredi, B., Masoudi, F. and Tabbakh Shabani, A.A., 2009. Magmatic Interaction as Recorded in Texture and Composition of Plagioclase Phenocrysts from the Sirjan Area, Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc, Iran. Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, 20(3): 243-251.

Nazari, Z., 2011. Geology and Petrology of volcanic rocks in northwest of Sarbisheh(east aof Iran). M.Sc Thesis, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran, 114 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)

Nazari, H. and Salamati, R., 1999. Geological map of Sarbisheh, scale1:100000. Geological survey of Iran.

Nelson, S.T. and Montana, A., 1992. sieve –textured plagioclase in volcanic rocks prodused by rapid decompression. American Mineralogist, 77(11-12): 1242-1249.

Nicholson, K.N., Black, P.M., Hoskin, P.W.O. and Smith, I.E.M., 2004. Silicic volcanism and back-arc extension related to migration of the Late Cainozoic Australian- Pacific plate boundary. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 131(3-4): 295–306.

Özdemir, Y., 2011. Volcanostratigraphy and petrogenesis of Süphan stratovolcano. Ph.D. Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, 279 pp.

Pang, K.N., Chung, S.L., Zarrinkoub, M.H., Khatib, M.M., Mohammadi, S.S., Chiu, H.Y., Chu, C.H., Lee, H.Y. and Lo, C.H., 2013. Eocene–Oligocene post-collisional magmatism in the Lut–Sistan region, eastern Iran: Magma genesis and tectonic implications. Lithos, 180–181: 234–251.

Pang, K.N., Chung, S.L., Zarrinkoub, M.H., Mohammadi, S.S., Yang, H.M., Chu, C.H., Lee, H.Y. and Lo, C.H., 2012. Age, geochemical characteristics and petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic intraplate alkali basalts in the Lut–Sistan region, eastern Iran. Chemical Geology, 306-307: 40–53.

Patiňo Douce, A.E., 1999. What do experiments tell us about the relative contributions of crust and mantle to the origin of granitic magmas? In: A. Castro, C. Fernandez and J.L. Vigneresse (Editors.) Understanding Granites: Integrating New and Classical Techniques. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 168 pp. 55–75.

Pearce, J.A., 1982. Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries. In: R.S. Thrope (Editor), Andesites. Wiley, Winchester, pp. 525-548.

Pearce, J.A., 1983. Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins. In: C.J. Hawkesworth, M.J. Norry (Editors.), Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths. Shiva publishing, Nantwich, pp. 230–249.

Pearce, J.A. and Norry, M.J., 1979. Petrogenetic Implications of Ti, Zr, Y, and Nb Variations in Volcanic Rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 69(1): 33-47.

Peters, T.J,. Menzies, M., Thirlwall, M. and Kyle, P., 2008. Zuni-Bandera volcanism, Rio Grande, USA – melt formation in garnet- and spinel facies mantle straddling the asthenosphere-lithosphere boundary. Lithos, 102(1-2): 295-315.

Plank, T., 2005. Constraints from thorium/lanthanum on sediment recycling at subduction zones and the evolution of the continents. Journal of Petrology, 46(5): 921-944.

Rapp, R.P. and Watson, E.B., 1995. Dehydration melting of metabasalt at 8-32-kbar -implications for continental growth and crust-mantle recycling. Journal of Petrology, 36(4): 891–931.

Richards, J.P., Spell, T., Rameh, E., Razique, A. and Fletcher T., 2012. High Sr/Y Magmas Reflect Arc Maturity,High Magmatic Water Content, and Porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au Potential:Examples from the Tethyan Arcs of Central and Eastern Iran and Western Pakistan. Economic Geology, 107(2): 295–332.

Rollinson, H.R., 1993. Using geochemical data, Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation. Longman Scientific and Technical, New York, 352 pp.

Rudnick, R.L. and Gao, S., 2003. Composition of the continental crust. In: R.L. Rudnick (Editor), Treatise in Geochemistry. Vol 3. Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 1-64.

Saccani, E., Delavari, M., Beccaluva, L. and Amini, S., 2010. Petrological and geochemical constraints on the origin of the Nehbandan ophiolitic complex (eastern Iran): Implication for the evolution of the Sistan Ocean. Lithos, 117(1-4): 209–228.

Seghedi, I., Downes, H., Pecskay, Z., Thirlwall, M.F., Szakacs, A., Prychodko, M. and Mattey, D., 2001. Magmagenesis in a subduction-related post-collisional volcanic arc segment: the Ukrainian Carpathians. Lithos, 57(4): 237–262.

Siddiqui, R. H. , Asif Khan, M. and Qasim Jan, M., 2007. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Miocene alkaline and sub-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Chagai arc, Baluchistan, Pakistan:Implications for porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposits. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 40: 1-23.

Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematic of ocean basalts: implications for mantle composition and process. In: A.D. Saunders and M.J. Norry (Editors.), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society 42, London, pp. 313–345.

Takanashi, K., Shuto, K. and Sato, M., 2011. Origin of Late Paleogene to Neogene basalts and associated coeval felsic volcanicrocks in Southwest Hokkaido, northern NE Japan arc: Constraints from Sr and Ndisotopes and major- and trace-element chemistry. Lithos, 125(1-2): 368–392.

Tirrul, R., Bell, I.R., Griffis, R.J. and Camp, V.E., 1983. The Sistan suture zone of eastern iran. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 94(1): 134-156.

Vernon, R.H., 2004. A practical Guide to Rock Microstructure. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 594 pp.

Whitney, D. and Evans, B.D., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95(1): 185-187.

Wilson, M., 2007. Igneous Petrogenesis. Springer Verlag, london, 466 pp.

Xie, J., Yang, X., Sun, W. and Du, J., 2012. Early Cretaceous dioritic rocks in the Tongling region, eastern China: Implications for the tectonic settings. Lithos, 150: 49–61.

Yang, W., Li, Sh., 2008. Geochronology and geochemistry of the Mesozoic volcanic rocks in Western Liaoning: Implications for lithospheric thinning of the North China Craton. Lithos, 102(1-3): 88–117.

Zellmer, G.F., Sparks, R.S.G., Hawksworth, C.J. and Wiedenbeck, M., 2003. Magma emplacement and remobilization timescale beneath Montserrat: Insight from Sr and Ba zonation in plagioclase phenocrysts. Journal of Petrology, 44(8):1413-1431.

Zulkarnain, I., 2009. Geochemical Signature of Mesozoic Volcanic and Granitic Rocks in Madina Regency Area, North Sumatra, Indonesia, and its Tectonic Implication. Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, 4(2): 117-131.