Modeling the Consequences of Second Home Tourism Expansion in Rural Areas and its Influence on Local Community’s Satisfaction (Case Study: Ghamsar District of Kashan County)

Journal of Research and Rural Planning

مقاله 11، دوره 6، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 18، دی 2017، صفحه 191-209   

نوع مقاله: علمی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jrrp.v6i2.59574

نویسندگان

Sedigheh Kiyani Salmi^* ؛ Mohsen Shaterian

University of Kashan

چکیده

Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Throughout the world, and particularly in advanced countries, second homes are very popular. Similarly, in Iran, in line with the global boost, the number of second homes has increased significantly. Ghamsar district, adjacent to such big cities as Tehran and Kashan, is one of the prominent natural attractions in Iran which accommodates many second home tourists, owing to its clement weather in summer. The characteristics of second home tourism, such as long stays in the region, indicates that some effects manifest themselves more obviously. Therefore, the present research tries to investigate the effects of expansion of second home tourism on the economic, social, environmental and physical structure of the region.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Second home tourism is a type of tourism which affects rural and urban societies in various ways, through increasing the number of summer or vacation home owners. It can be said that second home tourism is a continuous, permanent process which can at least help protect the existing jobs in local communities, due to an influx of tourists and the concomitant increased demand. A crucial prerequisite for second home tourism in the local economy is that second homes and places of permanent residence should be distant enough. Varied approaches to tourism, such as mass tourism, economic, geospatial, and society based tourism have been considered. Expansion of tourism with a concurrent attention to environmental, economic and social aspects was proposed so that along with a regard for the environment, economic development and expansion of social justice are also taken into consideration, as none of the previously mentioned approaches is comprehensive and each emphasizes a particular aspect of tourism.
3. METHODOLOGY
The present study is an applied - developmental one and uses a descriptive-analytical methodology through survey. Therefore, in addition to library method, field research has also been utilized. The population of the research consists of 9225 residents of Ghamsar. The sample size was determined to be 198, using Cochrane’s formula. The data for the present study was gathered using questionnaires. The validity of the questionnaire was established through face validity. Cronbach’s alpha was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The study presents a model of the consequences of the expansion of second home tourism and its influence on local community’s satisfaction in Ghamsar district, using a survey approach and structural equation modelling.
4. DISCUSSION
In the present study, the effects of second home tourism expansion in Ghamsar district was investigated and the degree of its influence on local community’s satisfaction was analyzed. The results of the independent sample t-test reveal that the influence of economic, environmental and physical indicators are statistically significant and that the expansion of second home tourism has affected all the mentioned indicators. In order to assess the statistical significance of the observed difference among economic, environmental, social and physical indicators, one-way ANOVA was used. The findings indicate an inequality in the average influence of second home expansion in Ghamsar. Scheffe’s post hoc test reveals that the average influence of physical, social and economic indicators is the same, and, hence, are subsumed within a single category. However, the average influence of environmental effects is placed in a different category.
5. CONCLUSION
The findings of the second order model indicate that the economic, environmental, social and physical factors are capable of capturing the effects. A more detailed presentation of the findings of the research is as follows: the economic indicator takes the lion’s share in explaining the effects of second home tourism expansion. The factor loading for social effect of second home tourism expansion was determined to be 0.92. The physical influence of the presence of second homes in the region was analyzed using four factors. This indicator explains 0.62 of variation of second home tourism expansion effects. Environmental effects of the expansion of second home tourism were analyzed using indicators of increased pollution of water and soil resources, increase in garbage production, and encroachment upon nature (rivers, pastures, mountains, etc.). The resultant negative factor loading denotes the negative environmental effect of the expansion of tourism in the region. Finally, the findings of the structural equation modeling show that expansion of tourism has played a significant role in the satisfaction of local residents, with a factor loading a 0.47 and a significance level of 0.000. Therefore, with a confidence level of 99 percent, it can be said that expansion of tourism has influenced the satisfaction of the local residents.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Rural tourism؛ Satisfication؛ local community؛ Ghamsar District؛ Isfahan Province.

مراجع

1. Amar, T., & Berenjkar, A. (1388/2009). Analysis the geographical spread of second homes in rural areas Bandar Anzali Township after the Islamic Revolution. Journal of Geographical Perspective, 4(9), 7-25. [In Persian]

2. Anabestani, A. (1388/2009). Physical Impacts of second homes on the development of rural settlements: A Case Study of Mashhad country village. Journal of Rural & Development 12(4), 149-166. [In Persian]

3. Anabestani, A. (1389/2010). The formation process of second homes in rural areas and the factors influencing it (Case Study: West highland villages of Mashhad). Journal of Human Geography Research, (74), 103-117. [In Persian]

4. Anabestani, A., Bouzarjomehri, K., & Sahebkar, N. (1391/2012). Social and economic consequences of second homes tourism development in rural areas (Case study: Shirindareh Dehestan, Quchan County). Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 1(1), 97-123. [In Persian]

5. Boshagh, M. R., Taghdisi, A., &Taghvaei, M. (1394/2015). A model to explain poverty in rural areas (Case Study: Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province). Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 4(11), 115-126. [In Persian]

Boshagh, M.R. (1394/2014). Structural equation modeling in humanities (1th Ed.). Tehran: Sociologist’s Publication. [In Persian]

6. Dadvar khany, F., & Mohammadzadeh Larijani, F. (1392/2013). Evaluation of economic and social Consequences of tourism second homes (Case study: Country village of Eastern Bandpay township of Babol). Journal of Human Geography Researches. 45(4), 75-102. [In Persian]

7. Einali, J., & Romiani, A. (1394/2015). Analysis the effects of second homes tourism in rural areas (Case Study: Hesar Valiasr Dehestan, Buin Zahra County). Journal of geographic Space, 15(49), 115-136. [In Persian]

8. Esmailzadeh, H., Sarrafi, M., & Tavakkolinia, J. (1390/2011). Analytical approach to tourism in local communities. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 9(2), 119-142. [In Persian]

9. Fazelnia, Gh., Kiani, A., Ramezandadeh Lasboiy, M., & Afshar Omrani, A. (1390/2011). Analyze the effects of second homes, on tourist village’s structure of the host society attitude (Case study Barseh village, Tonekabon County). Journal of Geographical Perspective, 6(15), 102-119. [In Persian]

10. Fesharaki, P. (1373/1994). General rural geography (1th Ed.). Tehran: Payam Noor University press. [In Persian]

11. Firouznia, GH., Rokn Aldin Eftekhari, A., & Vali Khani, M. (1390/2011). The consequences of the spread of second homes in rural areas: rural Tarroud Damavand Rural district. Journal of Geography, 8(31), 149-170. [In Persian]

12. Galin Moghaddam. Kh. (1388/2009). The formation and spread of second homes in forest areas - mountainous north of the country. Journal of Geographical Perspective, 4(9), 210-191. [In Persian]

13. Gallent, N. (2015). Bridging social capital and the resource potential of second homes: The case of Stintino, Sardinia. Journal of Rural Studies, 38(1), 108-99.

14. Governor of Kashan County. (1395/2016). Information about Kashan County. Retrieved 2016, December 25, from http://kashan.gov.ir/ [In Persian]

15. Hall, C.M., & Muller, D.K. (Eds.). (2004). Tourism, Mobility and Second Homes. Tourism, 15, 304.

16. Hoseini Abary, H. (1380/2001). Introduction to Iran's rural geography. Isfahan: University of Isfahan publication. [In Persian]

17. Johnston, R. j (1988). Dictionary of Human Geography (2th Ed.). Black well: oxford.

18. Kaltenborn, P., & Oddgeir, A. (2009). Amenity Development in the Norwegian Mountains Effects of Second Home Owner Environmental Attitudes on Preferences for Alternative Development Options. Landscape and Urban Planning, 91, 195-201.

19. Khoshfar, GH., Abdollah pour, M., & Karim zadeh, S. (1390/2011). Investigating the Impact of Tourism of Second Homes on Social Capital (Case Study: Villages Lirehsar and Siavarz city Tonkabon). Journal of Planning and Tourism Development, 1(2), 152-131. [In Persian]

20. Khosravinezhad, M. (1387/2008). The effect of second homes on development of Baghbahadoran (Isfahan). (Unpublished master’s thesis), University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. [In Persian]

21. Kondo, M.C., Rivera, R., & Rullman Jr, S. (2012). Protecting the idyll but not the environment: Second homes, amenity migration and rural exclusion in Washington State. Landscape and Urban Planning, 106(2), 174-182.

22. Liu, A. (2006). Tourism in Rural Areas: Kedah, Malaysia. Tourism Management Journal, 4 (27), 878-889.

23. Mahdavi Hajilooyi, M., Ghadiri Masoom, M., & Sanayi, M. (1378/1999). The impact of second homes on the economic, social structure of Kelar dasht area. Journal of Human Geography Researches, (65), 19-31. [In Persian]

24. Qadiri Massoum, M., Heydari, Z., & Ramezandadeh Lasbouey, M. (1391/2012). Second home tourism and immigration aspects (Case study: Dohraz rural areas, Tonekabon County). Journal of Rural Development, 1(1), 53-70. [In Persian]

25. Rahnamaie, M.T., Farhoodi, R., Dytman, A., & Ghadami, M. (1387/2008). Bearing capacity of Tourism destination with an emphasis on host community (Case Study: The City GPS). Journal of Human Geography Research, 40 (66). 17-33. [In Persian]

26. Rezvani, M. (1382/2003). Analysis of the development of second homes in rural areas (Case Study: Tehran's northern rural areas). Journal of Geographical Researches, (45), 59-73. [In Persian]

27. Rezvani, M., & Safaie, J. (1384/2005). Second home tourism and its effects on rural areas: opportunity or threat (Case Study: Rural areas north of Tehran). Journal of Geographical Researches, (54), 109-121. [In Persian]

28. Rezvani, M., Akbarian Ronizi, S., & Badri, S. (1390/2011). Comparative analysis of the economic impacts of tourism, second homes with daily tourism on rural areas, with a sustainable development approach (Case Study shemiranat city, Tehran province). Journal of Rural studies, 2(4), 35-62. [In Persian]

29. Rezvani, M., Badri, S., Sepahvand, F., & Akbarian Ronizi, S. (1391/2012). Second home tourism and its impact on improving the quality of life of rural residents (Case study: Rudbar Qasran district, Shemiranat towunship). Journal of Urban and Regional Studies and Research, 13, 23-40. [In Persian]

30. Saeedi, A., & Soltani Moghaddas, R. (1392/2013). The role of second homes in tourism and capital flows in rural areas Case study: Khorasan Razavi Binalud area. Quarterly Geography, 11 (36), 33-53. [In Persian]

31. Salo, A., Garriga, A., Rigall-I-Torrent, R., Vila, Mar., & Fluvia, M. (2014). Do implicit prices for hotels and second homes show differences in tourists’ valuation for public attributes for each type ofaccommodation facility? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 120-129.

32. Sari, J., Hujala, M., & Satu, P. (2014). Owners of second homes, locals and their attitudes towards future rural wind farm. Journal of Energy Policy, 73, 460-450.

33. Seiydaei, S.E., Khosravinezhad, M., & Kiani, S. (1389/2010). The impact of second homes on the development of the region Baghbahadoran: Lenjan city. Journal of Urban Studies & Regional Research, 1(4), 19-36. [In Persian]

34. Shahidi, M. sh., Ardestani, Z., & Goudarzi, M.M. (1388/2009). Check Effects of tourism planning in rural areas. Journal of Human Geography, 41(67), 99-113. [In Persian]

35. Sharif-zadeh, A., & Moradi nejad, H. (1381/2002). Sustainable development and rural tourism. Socio-Economic Monthly Jihad, 251&250, 53. [In Persian]

36. Shariyeh, Jh. P. (1373/1994). Towns and villages, (S. Sahami, Trans.). Mashhad: Nika publication. [In Persian]

37. Statistical Center of Iran. (2011). General population and housing census of Kashan County. Tehran: SCI Publication [In Persian]

38. Wang, X. (2006(. The Second Home Phenomenon in Haikou. China: University of Waterloo. Ontario. Canada.

39. Weagraff, B.S. (2004. (The Contribution of Second Homes to Rural Economies. A thesis in Agricultural, Environmental, and Regional Economics. Master of Science the Pennsylvania State University.

40. Wong, K., & Ghazali, M. (2015). Challenges of international retirees in second home destination: A phenomenological analysis. Tourism Management Perspectives, (15), 81-90.

41. Zali, N., & Esmail-Zadeh, Y. (1394/2015). The potential for tourism development with sustainable development approach in the border city of Urmiyeh. Journal of Geography and Environmental planning, 5(14), 89-104. [In Persian]