استانداردهای بین‌المللی حمایت از سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی

دانشنامه حقوق اقتصادی

مقاله 3، دوره 25، شماره 14، مهر 1397، صفحه 47-88   

نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/le.v25i13.64645

نویسندگان

علی رضا انصاری مهیاری^* ؛ لیلا رئیسی

دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)

چکیده

سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی در توسعه اقتصادی کشورها نقش قابل‌توجهی دارد؛ اما همواره موانعی بر سر راه آن وجود داشته است. یکی از این موانع، عدم وجود مقررات کافی جهت حمایت از سرمایه‌گذاران و ایجاد امنیت لازم در دولت میزبان است. در مقطعی به‌منظور رفع این موانع، کشورها به انعقاد معاهدات دوجانبه سرمایه‌گذاری روی آوردند. در این معاهدات استاندارهایی مقرر شد تا منافع سرمایه‌گذاران را به نحو مطلوب مورد حمایت قرار دهد. برخی از این استانداردها عبارت‌اند از رفتار عادلانه و منصفانه، شرط حمایت و امنیت کامل، رفتار ملی و رفتار کامله‌الوداد. نقش بسیار مؤثر این استانداردها در حمایت از سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی و به دنبال آن افزایش قابل‌توجه سرمایه‌گذاری سبب شد تا در این مقاله به بررسی آن‌ها پرداخته شود. روش تحقیق مورد استفاده در این پژوهش، توصیفی- تحلیلی با بهره‌گیری از منابع کتابخانه‌ای است. این پژوهش با بررسی معاهدات دوجانبه و چندجانبه سرمایه‌گذاری و همچنین آرای دیوان‌های داوری بین‌المللی مانند ایکسید به این نتیجه ‌رسیده که در اسناد و رویه قضایی مربوطه در اعمال استانداردهای حمایت از سرمایه‌گذاران خارجی مصادیق مشخص و منحصری در نظر گرفته نشده که این امر حاکی از گستردگی، انعطاف‌پذیری و پویایی استاندارهای حمایتی مذکور است و افزایش و توسعه معاهدات سرمایه‌گذاری و رویه داوری بین‌المللی در این زمینه باعث توسعه این استانداردها در طول زمان شده است. این تحول به‌شدت در جذب و رشد سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی در کشورهای میزبان نقش مثبت داشته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

سرمایه گذاری خارجی؛ رفتار عادلانه و منصفانه؛ شرط حمایت و امنیت کامل؛ رفتار ملی؛ رفتار ملت کامله الوداد

مراجع

[1] Aisbett, Emma, Karp, Larry and McAusland, Carol. (2010). "Compensation for Indirect Expropriation in International Investment Agreements: Implications of National Treatment and Rights to Invest," Journal of Globalization and Development, Vol. 1: Iss. 2. Available at: https://are.berkeley.edu/~karp/JrGlob&Dev.pdf

[2] Alidousti Shahraki, Naser. (2015). Foreign investment law, Tehran; Kjorsandi. (In Persian)

[3] Angelet , N.. (2011). "Fair and Equitable Treatment", Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law[MPEPIL]. Available at:

[4] http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law9780199231690-e2055?prd=EPIL

[5] Askari, pouria. (2015). The Law of Foreign Investment in International Arbitration Practice, Tehran; ShahreDanesh. (In Persian)

[6] Bjorklund, Andrea K. (2008). "National Treatment", in August Reinisch, ed., Standards of Investment Protection, oxford, Oxford University Press.

[7] Bronfman, M.K. (2006). “Fair and Equitable Treatment – An Evolving Standard”, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 10. Available at: http://www.mpil.de/files/pdf3/mpunyb_15_marcela_iii.pdf

[8] Collins, David. (2011). "Applying the Full Protection and Security Standard of International Investment Law to Digital Assets", Journal of World Investment and Trade, vol. 12, issue. 2. Available at: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/627/2/ApplyingtheFullProtectionandSecurityStandard.pdf

[9] Collins, David. (2014). "national treatment in emerging market investment treaties", in Anselm Kamperman Sanders, ed., The Principle of National Treatment in International Economic Law: Trade, Investment and Intellectual Property, Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar publishing.

[10] Cordero Moss, Giuditta. (2008). "Full Protection and Security" in August Reinisch, ed., Standards of Investment Protection, Oxford.

[11] De Brabandere, Eric. (2016). " States’ Reassertion of Control Over International Investment Law - (Re)Defining Fair and Equitable Treatment and Indirect Expropriation" in Andreas Kulick, ed., Reassertion of Control Over the Investment Treaty Regime, Cambridge University Press, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2846998

[12] Demirkol, Berk. (2015). "The Notion of 'Investment' in. International Investment Law", the Turkish Commercial Law Review, Vol. 1, No. 1. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2579247

[13] Dolzer, Rudolf , Schreuer, Christoph. (2012). Principles of International Investment Law, New York : Oxford University Press.

[14] Dolzer, Rudolf. (2014). "Fair and Equitable Treatment: Today's Contours", Santa Clara Journal of international law, vol.12. Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/scujil/vol12/iss1/2/

[15] Dumberry, Patrick. (2016-A). " Has the Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard Become a Rule of Customary International Law?", Journal of International Dispute Settlement, first published online. Available at: http://jids.oxfordjournals.org.sci-hub.cc/content/early/2016/04/01/jnlids.idw002.full.pdf

[16] Dumberry, Patrick. (2016-B). "The Practice of States as Evidence of Custom: An Analysis of Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard Clauses in States’ Foreign Investment Laws", McGill Journal of Dispute Resolution, Vol. 2, No. 1. Available at: http://mjdr-rrdm.ca/law/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/6.-Dumberry-.pdf

[17] Ebrahimi, Seyed Nasrollah and Soltanzadeh, Sajad. (2015). "The Concept of Investment in Arbitration Precedent of the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)", International Law Review, Winter and Spring, Volume 31, Issue 50. (In Persian)

[18] Gaillard, E.. (2009)."Identify or Define? Reflections on the Evolution of the Concept of Investment in ICSID Practice", in Christina Binder, Ursula Kriebaum, August Reinisch, Stephan Wittich, ed., International Investment Law For the 21st Century: Essays in Honour of Christoph Schreuer, New York, Oxford University Press.

[19] Gehne, Katja & Brillo, Romulo. (2017). "Stabilization Clauses in International. Investment Law: Beyond Balancing and. Fair and Equitable Treatment", Institute of Economic Law, Transnational Economic Law Research Center (TELC). School of Law.

[20] Available at: http://telc.jura.uni-halle.de/sites/default/files/BeitraegeTWR/Heft%20143.pdf

[21] Grabowski, Alex. (2014). "The Definition of Investment under the ICSID Convention: A Defense of Salini," Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 15: No. 1. Available at: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol15/iss1/13

[22] Grierson-Weiler, T. and Laird, I. (2008) ‘Standards of Treatment’ in The Oxford Handbook of International Investment Law, edited by Muchlinski, Peter, Federico Ortino, and Christoph Schreuer. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[23] Haddadi,Mahdi. (2000). "Developments in the governing law on treat with foreign investment", Journal of Mojtamae AAlie Ghome, Summer, Issue 6. (In Persian)

[24] Harb, Jean-Pierre. (2011). "Definition of investments protected by international treaties: an on-going hot debate", Mealey's International Arbitration Report, Vol. 26: No. 8. Available at: http://www.jonesday.com/files/Publication/c24e6d62-3269-4b32-b93d-992f1d5e2e77/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/b4526438-d73b-4bd4-a780-8003fe19feaf/689472.pdf

[25] Hasibi, Behazin. (2011). Government and Foreign Investors: International Standards, Tehran; shahreDanesh. (In Persian)

[26] Kazemi, Sayeh and Bromand, Hamed. (2016). Effective Strategies for Ensuring Investments in the Host State, Tehran; Avabook. (In Persian)

[27] Kläger, Roland. (2011). Fair and Equitable Treatment in International Investment Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[28] Kurtz, Jürgen. (2010). "The Merits and Limits of Comparativism: National Treatment in International Investment Law and the WTO", in Stephan W. Schill, ed., International Investment Law and Comparative Public Law, Oxford University press.

[29] Lowe, Vaughan. (2007)." Changing Dimensions of International Investment Law ", Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper, No. 4. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=970727

[30] Matsushita, Mitsuo, Schoenbaum, Thomas J., Mavroidis Petros C., and Hahn, Michael. (2015). The World Trade Organization. Law, Practice, and Policy, 3rd edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

[31] Mirvaisi, Alireza. (2014). Foreign Investment Law in the Light of Bilateral Investment Treaties, Tehran; Paris publication. (In Persian)

[32] Mohsenpour,Samira. (2016). Foreign Investment and Environment Protection in International Law, Tehran; Majd. (In Persian)

[33] Mojtehedi, Mohammadreza. (2011). "Introduction to the International Settlement Disputes Law on the basis of the ICSID Arbitration Convention", Feghh and Islamic law, autumn and winter, Issue 3. (In Persian)

[34] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2008). International Investment Law: Understanding Concepts and Tracking Innovations, OECD publishin.

[35] Available at: www.oecd.org/daf/inv/internationalinvestmentagreements/40471468.pdf

[36] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2004). Most Favored Nation Treatment in International Investment Law, OECD publishing. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/WP-2004_2.pdf

[37] Piran, Hossein. (2014). The Law of International Investment, Tehran; Ganje Danesh. (In Persian)

[38] Pouresmaeili, Alireza. (2017). Trade Related Investment Measures in the World Trade Organization, Tehran; mizan legal foundation. (In Persian)

[39] Salacuse, Jeswald W.. (2015). The Law of Investment Treaties, 2nd edition, Oxford International Law Library.

[40] Schill, S W. (2010). ‘Fair and Equitable Treatment, the Rule of Law, and Comparative Public Law’ in S W Schill (ed). International Investment Law and Comparative Public Law.

[41] Schreuer, Christoph. (2010)." Full Protection and Security", Journal of International Dispute Settlement, Vol. 1, No. 2.

[42] Schreuer, Christoph. (2013) ," investment,international protection" , Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law [MPEPIL]. Available at: http://www.univie.ac.at/intlaw/wordpress/pdf/investments_Int_Protection.pdf

[43] Shamsayi, Mohammad. (2017). "Stabilization Clauses in State Contracts", spring, Issue 18. (In Persian)

[44] Sornarajah, M., (2010). The international law on foreign investment,3rd edition, United kingdom, Cambridge university press.

[45] Thulasidhass, P. R., (2015). "Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment in International Investment Law: Ascertaining the Limits Through Interpretative Principles", Amsterdam Law Forum, Volume 7(1).Available at: http://amsterdamlawforum.org/article/view/346/512

[46] Titi, Catharine. (2016). "Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment: Survival Clauses and Reform of International Investment Law", Journal of International Arbitration 33, no. 5. Available at: http://www.kluwerlawonline.com.sci-hub.cc/document.php?id=JOIA2016034

[47] Tudor, Ioana. (2008). "The FET in International Investment Agreements: A Typology of Drafting Formulations", in Ioana Tudor, ed., The Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard in International Foreign Investment Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

[48] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2011). Scope and Definition, UNCTAD Series on Issues in International investment agreements II, New York and Geneva. Available at: http://unctad.org/en/Docs/diaeia20102_en.pdf

[49] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2010). Most-Favoured-Nation, UNCTAD Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements II, New York and Geneva. Available at: http://unctad.org/en/Docs/diaeia20101_en.pdf

[50] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2012). Transparency, UNCTAD Series on Issues in International investment agreements II, New York and Geneva.

[51] Available at: http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/unctaddiaeia2011d6_en.pdf

[52] Yannaca-Small, Katia. (2008). "Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard: Recent Developments", in August Reinisch, ed., Standards of Investment Protection, oxford.

[53] Zamani, Ghasem and Rashedi, Mehryar. (2016). The Nature and the Scope of MFN Obligation under GATS, International Law Review, summer and Autumn, Volume 32, Issue 53. (In Persian)

[54] Ziegler, Andreas R.. (2008). " most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment", in August Reinisch, ed., Standards of Investment Protection, oxford, Oxford University Press.

[55] Zeitler, Helge Elisabeth. (2010). "Full Protection and Security", in Stephan W. Schill, ed., International Investment Law and Comparative Public Law, Oxford University press.

[56] Cases:

[57] ADF Group Inc. v. United States of America, ICSID Case No. ARB (AF)/00/1, Award, 9 January 2003, Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0009.pdf

[58] Alex Genin, Eastern Credit Limited, Inc. and A.S. Baltoil v. The Republic of Estonia, ICSID Case No. ARB/99/2, Award, 25 June 2001, Available at: http://www.italaw.com/documents/Genin-Award.pdf

[59] American Manufacturing & Trading, In c. (AMT) (USA) v. Republic of Zaire, ICSID Case No. ARB/93/1, 21 February 1997, Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0028.pdf

[60] Biwater Gauff v. The Republic of Tanzania, ICSID Case No. ARB/05/22, Award, 24 July 2008, Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0095.pdf

[61] Compania de Aguas del Aconquija S.A. and Vivendi Universal S.A. v Argentine Republic II, ICSID Case No. ARB/97/3, Award, 20 August 2007, Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0215.pdf

[62] Emilio Agustin Maffezini v. The Kingdom of Spain, ICSID Case No. ARB/97/7, Decision on Jurisdiction, 25 January 2000, Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0479.pdf

[63] Enron Corporation and Ponderosa Assets, L.P. v. Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/3, Award, 22 May 2007, Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0293.pdf

[64] Eureko B.V. v. Republic of Poland, Partial Award. 19 Aug 2005.

[65] Available at: https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0308_0.pdf

[66] Fedax N.V. v. The Republic of Venezuela, ICSID Case No. ARB/96/3, Decision of the Tribunal on Objections to Jurisdiction, 11 Jul 1997. Available at: https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0315_0.pdf

[67] Gami Investments, Inc. v. The Government of the United Mexican States, UNCITRAL, Final Award. 15 Nov 2004.Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0353_0.pdf

[68] Marvin Roy Feldman Karpa v. United Mexican States, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/99/1, Award, 16 December 2002. Available at: www.italaw.com/documents/feldman_mexico-award-english.pdf

[69] Merrill & Ring Forestry L.P. v. The Government of Canada, ICSID Case No. UNCT/07/1, Award, 31 March 2010.

[70] Available at: https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0504.pdf

[71] Methanex Corporation v. United States of America, UNCITRAL, Final Award, 3 August 2005, Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0529.pdf

[72] Mondev International Ltd. v. United States of America, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/99/2, 11 Oct. 2002. Available at: https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita1076.pdf

[73] Noble Ventures, Inc. v. Romania, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/11, Award, 12 Sep. 2005. Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0565.pdf

[74] Occidental Exploration and Production Company v. Ecuador, UNCITRAL, Award, 1 July 2004, Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0571.pdf

[75] Phoenix Action, Ltd. V Czech Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/06/5, Award, 15 Apr. 2009, Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0668.pdf

[76] PSEG Global Inc. v. Republic of Turk., ICSID Case No. ARB/02/5, Award, 19 Jan. 2007. Available at: http://italaw.com/documents/PSEGGlobal-Turkey-Award.pdf

[77] Ronald S. Lauder v Czech Republic, UNCITRAL, Award, 3 September 2001.Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0451.pdf

[78] S.D. Myers Inc. v. Canada, UNCITRAL, First Partial Award, 13 November 2000. Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0747.pdf

[79] Saluka Investments BV (The Netherlands) v The Czech Republic, UNCITRAL, Partial Award, 17 March 2006. Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0740.pdf

[80] Salini Costruttori SpA and Italstrade SpA v Kingdom of Morocco, ICSID Case No. ARB/00/4, Decision on Jurisdiction, 23 July 2001, Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0738.pdf

[81] Sempra Energy International v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/16, 28 Sep 2007. Available at: https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0770.pdf

[82] Swisslion Doo Skopje v. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, ICSID Case No. ARB/09/16, Award, 6 July, 2012.Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita1080.pdf

[83] Siemens A.G. v The Argentina Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/8, Award, 6 February 2007, Avaiable at: http://www.italaw.com/documents/Siemens-Argentina-Award.pdf

[84] Tecnicas Medioambientales Tecmed, S.A. v. The United Mexican States, ICSID Case No. ARB (AF)/00/2, Award, 29 May 2003.

[85] Available at: http://www.italaw.com/documents/Tecnicas_001.pdf

[86] Ulysseas, Inc v Ecuador, UNCITRAL, Final Award of 12 June 2012, Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita1019.pdf

[87] United Parcel Service of America Inc. v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL, Award, 24 May 2007, Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0885.pdf

[88] Waste Management, Inc. v. United Mexican States ("Number 2"). ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/00/3, Final Award, 30 April 2004. Available at: http://www.italaw.com/documents/laudo_ingles.pdf

[89] Wena Hotels Limited v Arab Republic of Egypt, ICSID Case No. ARB/98/4, Award, 8 December 2000, Available at: http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0902.pdf

Conventions and Other Documents:

[90] Agreement on Promotion and Protection of Investment in ASEAN, Available at: http://www.wipo.int/edocs/trtdocs/en/asean01/trt_asean01.pdf

[91] Convention Establishing the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). 1985, Available at: https://www.miga.org/Documents/MIGAConventionFebruary2016.pdf

[92] Draft articles on most-favoured-nation clauses (ILC Draft). in Yearbook of the international Law Commission, 1978, Vol. II, part two.Available at: http://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1978_v2_p2.pdf

[93] Energy Charter Treaty, Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/documents/itre/dv/energy_charter_/energy_charter_en.pdf

[94] Free Trade Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Chile, 2003, Available at: http://www.wipo.int/edocs/trtdocs/en/cl-us/trt_cl_us.pdf

[95] North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Available at: https://idatd.cepal.org/Normativas/TLCAN/Ingles/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement-NAFTA.pdf

[96] Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its sixty-seventh session (Official Records of the General Assembly, seventieth session, Supplement No. 10 (A/70/10).2015, available at: http://legal.un.org/ilc/sessions/67/a_70_10_advance_unedited.pdf