Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) in Iranian freshwater basins based on subterranean amphipods genus Niphargus (Crustacea, Malacostraca)

Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics

مقاله 1، دوره 16، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 29، مهر 2020، صفحه 85-93   

نوع مقاله: Research articles

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/ijab.v16i2.84256

نویسنده

Somayeh Esmaeili-Rineh^*

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

چکیده

The order Amphipoda is one of the most diverse taxa that globally distributed in all environments and virtually habitats. The members of genus Niphargus represent an important part of the Western Palearctic subterranean amphipoda fauna. Accurate data on the occurrence and distribution of amphipods are only available for some regions. In this study, we were applied Parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) to analyze the distribution of amphipod freshwater genus Niphargus occurring strictly at the basin or sub-basin level along of Elburz and Zagros Mountains in Iran. The analysis was carried out using the computer program PAUP* 4.0a166, based on a data matrix built with 27 taxa and 13 areas for genus Niphargus. The rooting was made on a hypothetical all-zero out-group. Applying the exact algorithm heuristic search, the consensus tree was obtained with 30 steps, a consistency index of 0.9, and a retention index of 0.1. The procedure based on distributions of the 27 species of Niphargus delimited five areas of endemism in the study area with minimum two species. The high levels of endemism observed in West boundary rivers1 sub basin with six species and then in Urmia and West boundary rivers2 sub basins with three species.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Niphargid species؛ Freshwater amphipods؛ Hydrological basins؛ Areas of endemism؛ Parsimony؛ Iran

مراجع

Afshin, I., 1994. Rivers of Iran. Ministry of energy of Iran publications. 575 p. In Persian.

Agard, P., Omrani, J., Jolivet, L., Mouthereau, F., 2005. Convergence history across Zagros Iran; constraints from collisional and earlier deformation. International Journal of Engineering Studies 94, 401–419.

Altermatt, F., Alther, R., Fišer, C., Jokela, J., Konec, M., Kuery, D., Maechler, E., Stucki, P., Westram, A.M., 2014. Diversity and distribution of freshwater amphipod species in Switzerland (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Plos One 9, e110328. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110328

Culver, D.C., Pipan, T., 2009. The Biology of Caves and Other subterranean Habitats, 1st ed. Oxford University Press, New York.

Eme, D., Zagmajster, M., Fišer, C., Galassi, D., Marmonier, P., Stoch, F., Cornu, J., Oberdorff, T., Malard, F., 2015. Multi-causality and spatial non-stationarity in the determinants of groundwater crustacean diversity in Europe. Ecography 38, 531-540. doi:10.1111/ecog.01092.

Eme, D., Zagmajster, M., Delić, T., Fišer, C., Flot, J., Konecny-Dupré, L., Pálsson, S., Stoch, F., Zakšek, V., Douady, C.J., Malard, F., 2017. Do cryptic species matter in macroecology? Sequencing European groundwater crustaceans yields smaller ranges but does not challenge biodiversity determinants. Ecography 40, 1-13. doi:10.1111/ecog.02683.

Esmaeili-Rineh, S., Sari, A., Delić, T., Moškrič, A., Fišer, C., 2015. Molecular phylogeny of the subterranean genus Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in the Middle East: a comparison with European niphargids. Zoological Journal of Linnean Society 175, 812–826.

Esmaeili-Rineh, S., Mamaghani-Shishvan, M., Fišer, C., Akmali, V., Najafi, N., 2020. Range sizes of groundwater amphipods (Crustacea) are not smaller than range sizes of surface amphipods: a case study from Iran. Contributions to Zoology 89(1), 1-13.

Feiznia, S., Mohammadi, A., Zakikhani, S., 2007. Sediment yield in the Daryacheh-Namak drainage basin, Iran, and its relation to land-use changes. Water Quality and Sediment Behaviour of the Future: Predictions for the 21st Century (314), 306.

Fišer, C., 2019.  Niphargus—A model system for evolution and ecology. In Encyclopedia of caves. Academic Press. pp. 746-755. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-383832-2.00082-7.

Frey, W., Probst, P., 1986. A synopsis of the vegetation of Iran In: Kiirschner H. (ed) Contributions to the Vegetation of Southwest Asia: 9–43. Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. Wiesbaden.

Hekmatara, M., Zakšek, V., Heidari, M.B. Fišer, C., 2013. Two new species of Niphargus
(Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Iran. Journal of Natural History 47, 1421–1449. https://
doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.743616

Hishinuma, S., Takeuchi, K., Magome, J. 2014. Challenges of hydrological analyses for water resources development in semi-arid mountainous regions: Case study in Iran. Hydrological Sciences Journal 59, 1718-1737.

Huang, X.L., Qiao, G.X., Lei, F.M., 2008. Areas of endemism and patterns of diversity for aphids of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas. Journal of Biogeography 35, 230-240.

Hubert, N., Renno, J.F., 2006. Historical biogeography of South American freshwater fishes. Journal of Biogeography 33, 1414-1436.

Karaman, G.S., 1998. First discovery of the family Niphargidae (Gammaridea) in Iran (Contribution to the knowledge of the Amphipoda 243). Glas Od Prir Nauka–Crnog Akad Nauka Umjet 12, 9–22.

Madjnoonian, H., Kiabi, B.H., Danesh, M., 2005. Readings in Zoogeography of Iran. Part I. Department of Environment, Iran.

Mamaghani-Shishvan, M., Esmaeili-Rineh, S., Fišer, C., 2017. An integrated morphological and
molecular approach to a new species description of amphipods in the Niphargidae from two caves in west of Iran. Zoological Studies 56, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2017.56-33.

Mamaghani-Shishvan, M., Esmaeili-Rineh, S., 2019. Two new species of groundwater amphipods of the genus Niphargus Schiödte, 1849 from northwestern Iran. European Journal of Taxonomy 546, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.546

Morrone, J.J., 1994. On the identification of areas of endemism. Systematic Biology 43, 438-441.

Morrone, J.J., Crisci, J.V., 1995. Historical biogeography: Introduction to methods. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 26, 373-401.

Morrone, J.J., Escalante, T., 2002. Parsimony analysis of endemicity of Mexican terrestrial mammals at different area units: when size matters. Journal of Biogeography 29, 1095-1104.

Nihei, S.S., 2006. Misconceptions about parsimony analysis of endemicity. Journal of Biogeography 33, 2099–2106.

Raeisi, E., 2004. Iran cave and karst. In: Gunn J, ed. Encyclopedia of cave and karst. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, 460–461.

Rosen, B.R., 1998. From fossils to earth history: applied historical biogeography. In Analytical Biogeography: An Integrated Approach to the Study of Animal and Plant Distributions; Myers, A.A., Giller, P., Eds.; Chapman & Hall: London, UK, 1988, 437-481.

Stöcklin, J., 1974. Northern Iran: Alborz Mountains. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 4(1), 213-234.

Swofford, D.L., 2018. PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4.0a166. [downloaded from http://phylosolutions.com/pauptest/.]

Väinölä, R., Witt, J.D.S., Grabowski, M., Bradbury, J.H., Jazdzewski, K. Sket, B., 2008. Global diversity of amphipods (Amphipoda; Crustacea) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595, 241–255. doi: 10.1007/s10750-007-9020-6.