سنگ نگاری، زمین‌ شیمی و منشأ احتمالی افقهای سنگ آهن ‌اوولیتی کم عیار در سازند لشکرک، البرز شرقی

زمین شناسی اقتصادی

مقاله 3، دوره 8، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 14، تیر 1395، صفحه 39-59   

نوع مقاله: علمی- پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/econg.v8i1.27621

نویسندگان

منصوره مقصودلو محلی؛ بهنام شفیعی بافتی^*

گلستان

چکیده

افقهای آرژیلیتی دارنده اووئیدهای آهن، از سازند لشکرک البرز شرقی (اردویسین زیرین- میانی) و بر اساس توالی کاملاً آواری کم‌ژرفا و بدون حضور سنگهای آتشفشانی واقع شده‌اند. هماتیت و شاموزیت کانیهای آهن دار اصلی هستند و گوتیت و گلاکونیت در مقدار جزئی شناسایی شدند. افقهای مورد بررسی، با میانگین 21 درصد وزنی آهن در گروه سنگ آهنهای اوولیتی کم عیار رده بندی شده‌اند. آهن مورد نیاز برای تشکیل اووئید های آهن در مناطق مورد بررسی، از آب دریای معمولی در دسترس قرار گرفته است و این آهن می تواند به‌صورت ذرات آواری همراه با رسها، از هوازدگی و فرسایش سنگهای شیلی و از خشکیهای مجاور به دریا حمل شود. بالا بودن میزان پتاسیم و سیلیکا در افقهای اوولیت آهن، حضور زیرکن، کوارتز و کانیهای رسی در داخل اووئیدها و همچنین در زمینه این سنگها ضمن تأیید این الگو، نقش رسهای آهن‌دار را در پیدایش اووئیدهای اولیه شاموزیتی در محیطی با pH=5-9 و Eh اکسیدان متوسط- ضعیف با اهمیت نشان داده است. فراوان بودن اووئیدهای هماتیتی نسبت به گوتیتی، اووئیدهای متراکم و بیضی شکل و رخ‌داد فراوان رگه‌چه های کلسیتی قطع‌کننده اووئیدها به فرآیند دیاژنز و تبدیل شاموزیت و گوتیت به هماتیت نسبت داده شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

آهن اوولیتی؛ هماتیت و شاموزیت؛ توالی پیش‌ رونده؛ سازند لشکرک؛ البرز شرقی

مراجع

Ahmadzadeh Heravi, M., Yazdi, M. and Karimi, L., 2000. Preliminary analysis of Late Devonian conodonts from Khush-Yeilagh Formation (Mighan Section) Eastern Alborz, Iran. In: P. Cockle, G.A. Wilson, M.J. Engelbrestsen, A. Simpson and T. Winchester-Setto (Editors), Paleontology Down Under 2000, Kinross Wolaroi, Orange. Geological Society of Australia, Abstract Number 61, pp. 41.

Bhattacharyya, D.P., 1983. Origin of berthierin in ironstones. Clays and Clay Minerals, 31(2): 173-182.

Bichelonne, J. and Angot, P., 1939. Le Bassin Ferrifere Lorrain. Berger-Levrault, Paris, 464 pp.

Boyle, E.A., Edmond, J.M. and Sholkovitz, E.R., 1977. The mechanism of iron removal in estuaries. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 41(10): 1313-1324.

Brass, G.W., Saltzman, E., Sloan, J.L., Southam, J.R., Hay, W.W., Holser, W.T. and Peterson, W.H., 1982. Ocean circulation, plate tectonics, and climate. Climate in Earth History, Washington National Academic Science Press, pp. 83-89.

Bubenicek, L.,1968. Geologie des minerals de feroolithiques. Mineralium Deposita, 3(1): 89-108.

Bubenicek, L., 1983. Diagenesis of iron-rich rocks. In: H. Larsen (Editor), Diagenesis in Sediments and Sedimentary Rocksk. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp. 495-511.

Caillere, S. and Kraut, F., 1954. Les gisements de fer du basin lorrain. Memorial Museum National History, Paris, Section. C, 4(1).

Carozzi, A.V., 1960. Microscopic sedimentary petrography. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 485 pp.

Carroll, D.,1958. Role of clay minerals in the transportation of iron. Geochimica et Comochimica Acta, 14: 1 - 27.

Cayeux, L., 1922. Les minerals de feroolithique de France. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 1052 pp.

Champetier, Y., Hamdadou, E. and Hamdadou, M., 1987. Examples of biogenic support of mineralization in two oolitic iron ores-lorraine (France) and GaraDjebilet (Algeria). Sedimentary Geology, 51(3): 249-255.

Dreesen, R., 1989. Oolitic ironstones as event stratigraphical marker beds within the Upper Devonian of the ArdennoRhenish Massif. In: T.P. Yong and W.E.G. Taylor (Editors), Phanerozoic ironstones. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 46: 6578.

Flugel, E., 2010. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 976 pp.

Ghavidel-Syooki, M., Hassanzadeh, J. and Vecoli, M., 2011. Palynology and isotope geochronology of the Upper Ordovician-Silurian Successions (Ghelli and SoltanMaidan Formation) in the Khoshyeilagh area, eastern Alborz Range, northern Iran: stratigraphic and palaeogeographic implication. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 164(3): 251–271.

Ghobadi Pour, M., 2006. Early Ordovician (Tremadocian) Trilobites from Simeh-Kuh, Eastern Alborz, Iran. In: M.G. Basset and V.K. Deisler (Editors), Studies in Palaeozoic palaeontology. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series 25(2): 93–118.

Ghobadi Pour, M., Mohibullah, M., Williams, M., Popov, L.E. and Tolmacheva, T.Yu., 2011a. New early ostracods from the Ordovician (Tremadocian) of Iran: Systematic, biogeographical and palaeoecological significance. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 35(4): 517-529.

Ghobadi Pour, M., Popov, L.E., Kebriaee-Zadeh, M.R. and Baars C.H., 2011b. Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) Brachiopods associated with the Neseuretus bio-facies, Eastern Alborz Mountains, Iran. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 42(3): 263-283.

Guerrak, S., 1987. Metallogenesis of cratonic oolitic ironstone deposits in the Bledet Mass, Azzel Matti, Ahnetand Mouydir basins, Central Sahara, Algeria. Geological Rundsch, 76(8): 903–922.

Hallam, A., 1975. Jurassic Environments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 269 pp.

Hallam, A., 1985. A review of Mesozoic climates. Journal of Geological Society, London, 142(3): 433-445.

Hamdi, B., 1996. Precambrian-Cambrian sedimentary rocks in Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, 353 pp.

Hodych, J.P., Patzold, R.R. and Buchan, K.L., 1984. Paleomagnetic dating of the transformation of oolitic goethite to hematite in iron ore. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 21(1):127–130.

Hosseini-Nezhad S,M., 2000. Biological events in famenin stones of Meyghan area in eastern Alborz. 23th Symposium of Geosciences, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran (in Persian).

Hosseini-Nezhad, S.M., Yazdi, M. and Torabi, Gh., 2007. Geochemical Characteristics of Famennian Strata in Iran (Meyghan Section) and Morocco (Bou and Mrakib Sections). Geological Survey of Iran, Scientific Quarterly Journal of Earth Sciences, 62(1): 63-69.

Illing, L.V., 1954. Bahaman calcareous sands. American Association of Petroleum, Geological Bulletin, 38: 1-95.

James, H.L., 1966. Chemistry of the Iron Rich Sedimentary Rocks. In: M. Fleischer (Editor), Data of Geochemistry. US Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 61 pp.

Jenny, J.G., 1977. Geologeie, stratigraphi de l´Elburz oriental enter Aliabad et Shahrood, Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, Geneve University, Geneve, Switzerland, 320 pp.

Khanebad, M., Ashouri, A., Ghaderi, A. and Gharaee, M.H., 2007. Ooidal ironstones and their stratigraphical position in the Shishtu Formation,Howz-e-Dorah area, South East of Tabas. 11th Congress of the Geological Society, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran (in Persian with English abstract).

Kimberley, M.M., 1978. Paleo-environmental classification of iron formations. Economic Geology, 73: 215-229.

Kim, Y. and Lee, Y.I., 2000. Ironstones and green marine clays in the Dongjeom Formation (Early Ordovician) of Korea. Sedimentary Geology, 130(1): 65-80.

Lasemi, Y., 1998. Sedimentary environments of Iran Ordovician rocks (Sequences simultaneously with Rift) and form a divergent margin Paleotethys. 17th Symposium of Geosciences, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran (in Persian).

Lasemi, Y., 2000. Facies analysis, Upper Precambrian and Paleozoic sedimentary environments and sequence stratigraphy of Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, 180 pp (in Persian).

Mason, B. and Moore, C.B., 1982. Principles of geochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 343 pp.

Maynard, J.B., 1983. Geochemistry of sedimentary ore deposits. Springer-Verlag, NewYork, 382 pp.

Maynard, J.B., 1986. Geochemistry of oolitic iron ores, an electron microprobe study. Economic Geology, 81(8): 1473-1483.

Mousavi, M.J. and Ashrafi, E., 2007. Lithostratigraphy, sedimentary structures and sedimentary environment of Abarsej Formation in north of Shahroud. 3th Iranian Conference of Applied Geology and Environment, Azad University, Islamshahr branch, Tehran, Iran (in Persian with English abstract).

Mucke, A.T. and Farshad, F., 2005. Whole-rock and mineralogical composition of Phanerozoic ooidal ironstones: Comparison and differentiation of types and subtypes. Ore Geology Reviews, 26(2): 227-262.

Petranek, J. and Van Houton, F.B., 1997. Phanerozoic ooidal ironstone. Czech Geological Survey, Special Papers 7: 70 pp.

Popov, L.E., Ghobadi Pour, M. and Hosseini, M., 2008. Early to Middle Ordovician lingulate brachiopods from the Lashkarak Formation, Eastern Alborz Mountains, Iran. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 32(1): 1–35.

Sharabi, M., 1991.Geologic map of Gorgan, scale 1:250000. Geological Survey of Iran.

Siehl, A. and Thein, J., 1989. Minette type ironstones. In: T.P. Young and W.E.G. Taylor (Editors), Phanerozoic Ironstones. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 46(2): 175–193.

Sorby, H.C., 1957. On the origin of the Cleveland Hill ironstone. Geological and Polytechnic Society, West Riding of Yorkshire Proceedings, 3(4): 457-461.

Stampfli, G.M. and Borel, G., 2004. http://GIS Europe.brgm.fr/Tethyan-html

Stocklin, J., Eftekharnejad, J. and Hushmand-zadeh, A., 1965. Geology of the Shotori Range (Tabasarea ,East Iran). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Report 3, 69 pp.

Sturesson, U., 1988. Chemical composition of Lower Ordovician ooids from northern Oland, Sweden, and their sedimentary host matrix. Geologiska Foreningens i Stockholm Forhandlingar, 110(1): 29– 38.

Sturesson, U., 2003. Lower Palaeozoic iron oolites and volcanism from a Baltoscandian perspective. Sedimentary Geology, 159(2): 241–256.

Sturesson, U., Heikoop, J.M. and Risk, M.J., 2000. Modern and Palaeozoic iron ooids: a similar volcanic origin. Sedimentary Geology, 136(1): 137–146.

Taylor, K.G., 1992. Non-marine oolitic ironstones in the lower cretaceous Wealden sediments of southeast England. Geological Magazine, 129(4): 349-358.

Van Houten, F. and Purucker, M.E., 1984. Glauconitic peloids and chamosite ooids: favourable factors, constraints, and problems. Earth-Science Reviews, 20 (2): 211-243.

Van Houten, F.B. and Bhattacharyya, D.P., 1982. Phanerozoic oolitic ironstones; Geological record and facies model. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 10(4): 441–457.

Van Houten, F.B. and Hou, H.F., 1990. Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic distribution of Palaeozoic oolitic ironstones. In: W.S. McKerrow and C.R. Scotese (Editors), Palaeozoic Palaeogeography and Biogeography. Journal of Geological Society, London, 12: 87–93.

Yang, T.P. and Taylor, E.G., 1989. Phanerozoic Ironstone. Geological Society of London, Special Publication 46(1): 1-251.

Young, T.P., 1989. Eustatically controlled ooidal ironstone deposition: facies relationships of the Ordovician open-shelf ironstones of Western Europe. In: T.P. Young and W.E.G. Taylor (Editors), Phanerozoic Ironstones. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 46(1): 51–64.

Young, T.P., 1992. Ooidal ironstones from Ordovician Gondwana: a review. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology, 99(3): 321–347.