مطالعه تطبیقی شرط تضمین مسئولیت در قراردادها

دانشنامه حقوق اقتصادی

مقاله 5، دوره 27، شماره 17، خرداد 1399، صفحه 103-142   

نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/le.v27i17.81169

نویسندگان

محسن ایزانلو^{* 1}؛ ابوالفضل شاهین²

¹دانشیار حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه تهران

²دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

شرط تضمین مسئولیت از اقسام شروط ناظر به مسئولیت و از ابزارهای تخصیص ریسک اقتصادی است که به‌ویژه در قراردادهای حوزه نفت و گاز استفاده می‌شود. این نهاد از منظر اقتصادی کارکرد پارتویی دارد و بار ریسک اقتصادی را برعهده‌ی طرفی قرار می‌دهد که معمولاً توانایی بیشتری برای تحمل خسارت دارد. درباره‌ی مفهوم این نهاد در نظام کامن‌لا و همینطور در حوزه‌ی قراردادهای تجاری بین‌المللی ابهاماتی است که در حقوق ایران نیز می­تواند محل بحث باشد. همچنین وجود نهادهای مشابه به ابهامات موجود درخصوص این نهاد دامن زده و استفاده صحیح از آن را پیچیده ساخته است. درخصوص اعتبار این نهاد نیز تردیدهایی با محوریت نظم عمومی مطرح شده که اگرچه اصل اعتبار آن را مخدوش نساخته، اما سبب طرح موانعی برای نفوذ آن شده‌ است. درنهایت، آثار این شرط نیز مجرای مسائل حقوقی دقیقی است که ملاحظه‌ی برخی آرای متشتت صادره از دادگاه‌های ایران، ضرورت بررسی آن را آشکار می‌سازد. هدف این مقاله، زدودن برخی نکات مبهم پیرامون مفهوم این شرط، در کنار بررسی اعتبار و واکاوی آثار آن است. بدین منظور، با روشی توصیفی-تحلیلی در ابتدا به مفهوم‌شناسی این نهاد پرداخته شده است؛ سپس اعتبار این تأسیس حقوقی مطالعه شده و در نهایت آثار آن بررسی گردیده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

بیمه مسئولیت؛ حق جبران غرامت؛ تخصیص ریسک اقتصادی؛ شرط تضمین جبران خسارت؛ شرط جایگزینی مسئولیت

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