Effects of supplementary irrigation at phenological stages on some growth indices of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivars in Mashhad region

پژوهش‌های حبوبات ایران

Article 5, Volume 7, Issue 1, June 2016, Pages 105-120   

Document Type: Original Articles

DOI: 10.22067/ijpr.v7i1.40052

Authors

Kamal Hajmohamadnia Ghalibaf^* ; Faride sadat Hossaini; Ahmad Nezami; Mehdi Parsa

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Abstract

Introduction
Lentil with about 28 percent protein occupies the second after soybean. It is one of the major crops in developing countries as a complement to cereals and is an excellent source of protein and amino acids in the diet. Results of studies shown that for most crops, including lentil, the occurrence of drought stress in some phenology stages cause irreparable damages to yield. Therefore, understanding the critical stages of plant to drought stress in order to provide the required humidity at the time plays an important role in yield performance and efficient use of water and soil resources. Supplementary irrigation at critical stages of water requirements of lentil is one of the most effective methods to achieve sustainable production in arid and semi-arid regions.

Materials & Methods
In order to study the effects of supplementary irrigation on growth characteristics of three lentil cultivars, an experiment was carried out as a strip block based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Field, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2008-9 growing season. Treatments were supplementary irrigated (full irrigation; one irrigation at each stage of branching, flowering, podding, seed setting (with an incidence of phenological stage at least 50 percent of plants a plot), and no irrigation) as main plots, and three lentil cultivars (Robat, & Kalpoosh (the local population in North Khorasan with the registration number of MLC245, and MLC183, respectively), and Gachsaran) as subplots. Lentil disinfected seeds were sown at depth of 2-3 cm and density of 200 plants/m2 in the second half of March. The size of experimental plots were 5×3.75 m and each plot had 10 rows with spacing of 37.5 cm. All treatments were irrigated once after planting to ensure the emergence of uniform seeds. Next irrigation was followed according to the treatments (IBPGR, 1985). Destructive sampling were performed to calculate the growth indices (such as TDW, LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR) from 10 plants chosen randomly from competing plants regarding the marginal effects from two weeks after plants emergence to final maturity (every 7 days; 10 steps). At the end of the growing season, seed yield was determined from 7.5 m2. The growth degree days (GDD) was used instead of calendar time to calculate growth indices using equation (1). The growth indices of LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR were calculated using equations (2-5). Growth Indices and linear regression curves were fitted using Excel 2007 software.
GDD = (Equation 1)
where GDD is the growth degree days, Tmax and Tmin are maximum and minimum daily temperature during test, respectively. Tb is plant base temperature (= 5 °C for lentil).
LAI= (1/GA)[(LA2+LA1)/2] (Equation 2) CGR= (1/GA)[(W2–W1)/(t2–t1)] (Equation 3) RGR= (lnW2–lnW1)/(t2–t1) (Equation 4) NAR= [(W2–W1)/(t2–t1)] [(lnLA2–lnLA1)/(LA2–LA1)] (Equation 5) where GA is ground area (m2), LA is leaf area (m2), W is shoot dry weigh (g) and t is GDD.

Results & Discussions
Results indicated that supplementary irrigation in flowering stage increased total dry weight (TDW), leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) compared to other supplementary irrigations. Complete irrigation showed the highest growth characteristics during the growing season. Maximum values of total dry weight (507.4 gm-2), leaf area index (3.6), crop growth rate (1.35 gm-2 GDD-1), relative growth rate (0.04 gg-1 GDD-1), net assimilation rate (1.75 of gm-2 GDD-1) and seed yield (1213 kg ha-1) were obtained from irrigation at flowering stage following full irrigation. Amiri deh ahmadi et al. (2011) concluded that drought stress at flowering stage, reduced peas dry matter to minimum values. Singh (1995) also reported that water stress in all stages of growth, decreased leaf area index of beans, but stress before flowering had the greatest impact. Other researchers showed that in terms of drought, crop growth rate decreased due to the decline in photosynthesis and respiration rate. Other researchers concluded that stress and lack of moisture reduced plant relative growth rate. The amount of net photosynthesis and aging leaves reduced over time and this reduction was intensified in difficult environmental conditions, especially drought. Robat was the best of three cultivars in growth indices. Moreover, the positive and significant correlation between grain yield and total dry weight (0.93**), leaf area index (0.92**), crop growth rate (0.90**), relative growth rate (0.89*) and net assimilation rate (0.92**), have highlighted the importance of growth indices to predict the economic performance of lentils.

Conclusion
In general, it seems in water scarcity conditions, supplementary irrigation at flowering stage could supply necessary moisture for plants and improve their crop yield.

Keywords

Crop Growth Rate; Leaf Area Index; Net assimilation rate; Total dry weight

References

1. Aase, J.K., Pikul, J.L., Prueger, J.H., and Hatfield, J.L. 1996. Lentil Water use and fallow water loss in a semiarid climate. Agronomy Journal 88: 723-728.

2. Akmal, M., Farid, U., Asim, M., and Raziuddin, F. 2011. Crop growth in early spring and radiation use efficiency in alfalfa. Pakistan Journal of Botany 43(1): 635-641.

3. Amiri deh ahmadi, S.R., Parsa, M., Nezami, A., and Ganjeali, A. 2011. The effects of drought stress at different phenological stages on growth indices of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in greenhouse conditions. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 1(2): 69-84. (In Persian with English Summary).

4. Asgharipour, M., and Rafiei, M. 2010. Intercropping of isabgol (Plantago ovata L.) and lentil as influenced by drought stress. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences 9(1): 62-69.

5. Clarke, J.M., and Simpson, G.M. 1978. Changing irradiance in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Journal of Experimental Botany 45: 931-936.

6. Erskine W., and Saxena, M.C. 1993. Lentil in south Asia. Proceedings of the Seminar on Lentils in South Asia, 11-15 March 1991, New Delhi, India, ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, 236 pp.

7. Ghasemi golazani, K., Mohamadi, S., Rahimzadeh khooei, P., and Moghadam, M. 1997. Quantitative connection between density and yield of three chickpea cultivars on different planting dates. Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 7: 59-73. (In Persian with English Summary).

8. Goldani, M., and Rezvani moghadam, P. 2007. The effects of different irrigation regimes and planting dates on phenology and growth indices of three chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars in Mashhad. Journal of Agricultural Science & Natural Resources 14: 229-242. (In Persian with English Summary).

9. Gordner, F., Pearce, R., and Mitchell, R.L. 1985. Physiology of Crop Plants. Iowa State University Press, Ames USA. 327 p.

10. Hamdi, A., Erskine, W., and Gates, P. 1992. Adaptation of lentil seed yield to varying moisture supply. Crop Sciences 32: 987-990.

11. IBPGR, ICRISAT and ICARDA. 1985. Lentil Descriptors (Lens culinaris Medik.). ICRISAT, Patancheru, India.

12. Jami alahmadi, M. 1998. Effect of planting date and timing of irrigation cutting on growth, yield and quantities characteristics of cotton (Varamin cultivar). MSc. Thesis. University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary).

13. Karim, M.F., and Fattah, Q.A. 2007. Growth analysis of chickpea cv. Bari Chhola-6 as affected by foliar spray of growth regulators. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 36(2): 105-110.

14. Karimi, M.M., and Siddique, H.M. 1991. Crop growth and relative growth rates of old modern wheat cultivars. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42: 783-788.

15. Koocheki, A., and Banayan avval, M. 1997. Pulse Crops. Jahade Daneshgahi of Mashhad Press. 236 p. (In Persian).

16. Nasirzade, A., Hossaini marvast, S.A, and Mazaherian D. 2007. Study of density effect on the growth physiological indices of three seed corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars in Marvast of Yazd region. 9th Iranian Crop Science and Breeding Congress, Tehran. p. 153. (In Persian with English Summary).

17. Oweis, T., and Hachum, A. 2006. Water harvesting and supplemental irrigation for improved water productivity of dry farming systems in West Asia and North Africa. Agricultural Water Management 80: 57-73.

18. Oweis, T., Hachum, A., and Pala, M. 2004. Lentil production under supplemental irrigation in a Mediterranean environment. Agricultural Water Management 68: 251-265.

19. Panahyan, M., and Jamaati, SH. 2009. Study of variation trend of growth indices in lentil under drought stress. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 3(4): 4314-4326.

20. Pannu, R.K., and Singh, D.P. 1993. Effect of irrigation on water use efficiency, growth and yield. I: mung bean. Field Crops Research 31: 87-100.

21. Parsa, M., and Bagheri, A. 2008. Pulses. Jahade Daneshgahi of Mashhad Press. 522 p. (In Persian).

22. Parsa, M., Ganjeali, A., Rezaeyan zade, A. and Nezami, A. 2010. The effects of supplementary irrigation on yield and growth indices of three chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars in Mashhad region. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 9(3): 310-321. (In Persian with English Summary).

23. Prasad, V.V., Pandey, S.R.K., and Saxena, M.C. 1978. Physiological analysis of yield variation in gram (Cicer arietinum) genotypes. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 21: 228-234.

24. Rezaeyan zade, A. 2008. Effects of supplemental irrigation on yield and yield components and growth index of three chickpea cultivars (Cicer arietinum L.). MSc. Thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary).

25. Russel, M.A., Wilhelm, W.W., Olson, R.A., and Power, J.F. 1984. Growth analysis based on degree-days. Crop Science 24: 28-32.

26. Samad, M.A., Yasmin, A., and Mondal, M.M.A. 2010. Role of morpho-physiological attributes on yield in lentil. International Journal of Sustainable Crop Production 5(4): 42-45.

27. Shobiri, S., Ghasemi golazani, K., Golchin, A., and Saba, J. 2007. Effect of limit water on growth and yield three chickpea cultivars in Zanjan. Journal of Agricultural Science & Natural Resources 14: 34-47. (In Persian with English Summary).

28. Siddique, K.H.M., Sedgley, R.H., and Marshal, C. 2000. Effects of plant density on growth and harvest index of branches in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Field Crop Research 31: 193-203.

29. Silim, S.N., Saxana, M.C., and Singh, K.B. 1993. Adaptation of spring-sown Chickpea to the Mediterranean basin. II. Factors influencing yield under drought. Field Crops Research 34: 137-146.

30. Singh, S.P. 1995. Selection for water stress tolerance in interracial populations of common bean. Crop Science 35: 118-128.

31. Tavakoli, H., Karimi, M., and Moosavi, S.F. 1989. Effect of irrigation regimes on vegetative and reproductive components of corn. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science 22: 35-46. (In Persian with English Summary).

32. Zang, H., Pala, M., Oweis, Y., and Harris, H. 2000. Water use and water use efficiency of chickpea and lentil in a Mediterranean environment. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51: 295-304.